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树木年轮具有分布广泛、定年准确、易于复本、分辨率高等特征[1,2]。树轮不仅可以表达树木径向生长强度,还能准确记录木材形成期间或之前的周围环境变化信息,同样特殊的环境条件对树木生长的影响也会被记录其中。目前,树轮气候学研究中常用的代用指标为宽度、密度以及同位素含量等,将其与气候因子进行响应分析或重建古气候。然而,其响应关系遭到了质疑[3]。树轮中记录了丰富的气候和环境信息,而在传统树轮代用指标中记录的环境信号只占很小一部分,如何更好地从多个尺度上挖掘出树木年轮所包含的其他信息,是当前急需解决的重要科学问题之一。
树轮的异常结构作为一种“特殊信号”,利用它与环境因子之间存在关系,有助于更好地理解极端事件对树木形成层活动的影响,这也是当前树轮生态学领域中的一个重要研究内容。与此同时树轮异常结构作为反映气候变化重要参数指标,已成为广大科研学者的关注焦点并得到广泛应用。树轮异常结构主要有霜轮、浅轮、伪轮、断轮、缺轮、反应木和创伤性树脂道等。这严重阻碍了树木年轮序列的交叉定年,其中大多是在特殊生境或极端环境的严重影响下形成的[4]。利用这些异常轮特征,可以判断森林火灾、虫害和火山爆发等极端环境事件对树木生长带来的影响,并为历史上极端环境事件的重建提供了依据,同时也为进一步开展森林干扰研究提供了科学依据。基于异常轮的相关报道,总结异常轮的发生区域、涉及树种、季节条件等特征、异常轮的成因及其广泛应用,并对未来研究进行展望,以求为进一步开展异常轮的研究提供一定参考。
Research progress on the abnormal structure of tree-rings
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摘要: 树轮中记载了大量气候或环境信息,如何更好地从多个尺度上挖掘出树木年轮所包含的其他环境信息,是当前急需解决的重要科学问题之一。树轮是树木形成层细胞进行有规律的生长和变化而形成的。在恶劣的环境条件下或环境发生改变时,会影响形成层的正常活动,从而在树轮结构中留下一些特殊痕迹,如霜轮、伪轮、浅轮以及缺轮等异常结构的产生。而异常结构的形成与温度、降水、光照等气候因子密切相关,此外反应木及树脂道的产生主要受机械外力的作用。通过探究异常轮与环境因子的关系,有利于深入认识极端事件对树木形成层活动的影响。基于异常轮的相关报道,总结了不同类型异常结构发生的区域、涉及树种、季节条件等特征、形成机理及其在极端事件中的应用,有助于了解极端事件对森林带来的影响以及在生理角度,树木对极端事件的响应机制。以期为今后的相关研究提供新的策略方法。Abstract: A lot of climate and environmental information is recorded in tree rings. How to better dig out other environmental information contained in tree rings from multiple scales is one of the important scientific problems that need to be solved urgently. Tree rings are formed by the regular growth and changes of tree cambium cells in trees. Under harsh environmental conditions or when the environment changes, it will affect the normal activities of cambium, thus leaving some special traces in the tree ring structure, such as frost ring, false ring, shallow ring and missing ring and other abnormal structures. The formation of abnormal structure is closely related to climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, light, etc. In addition, the production of reaction wood and resin channels is mainly affected by mechanical external forces. By exploring the relationship between anomalous tree-tings and environmental factors, it is helpful to deeply understand the influence of extreme events on tree cambium activities. The characteristics of different types of abnormal structures, such as areas, tree species, seasonal conditions, formation mechanism and their application in extreme events, were summarized based on the relevant reports of abnormal tree-rings, which was helpful to understand the impact of extreme events on forests and the response mechanism of trees to extreme events from the physiological perspective. It is expected to provide new strategies and methods for future related research.
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Key words:
- abnormal structure of tree-rings;
- extreme events;
- cambium
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