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全球气候变暖是一个不可否认的事实,在全球范围内,北半球中、高纬度地区和高海拔地区气温上升尤为显著。气候变暖对生态系统已造成严重威胁,例如冰川融化、海平面上升、极端天气频发以及植物季节活动节律的变化[1]。
森林生态系统与气候变化有着紧密联系。森林生态系统是构成陆地生态系统的主要成分之一,其对气候变化响应十分敏感[2]。而森林生态系统主要由树木构成,树木可以吸收大气中的CO2,通过植树造林能够有效地改善全球气候变暖问题。但气候变暖也会延长植物的生长季且影响植物的光合作用,从而对植物生长造成一定的影响[3],同时使森林生态系统的结构、功能(如生产力、碳汇)发生改变[4-6],最终对森林生态系统的稳定性造成影响。
近年来,树木生长对气候变化的响应研究已受到广大学者的关注。在全球气候变暖的背景下,树木径向生长对气候变化的响应关系也随之发生改变,导致树木生长对气候的敏感性下降或其生长减缓的现象,称为气候“分异问题”[7]。Jacoby[8]等在阿拉斯加相关研究中表明,在近十年来,原本受温度限制的树木反而对温度的敏感性减弱,这使得基于现有数据资料建立树轮-气候关系模型无法准确地预测过去的气温变化。由此得出“分异问题”的出现,打破了人们对“均一性”原理的理解,使利用树轮资料重建历史气候变化序列的准确性面临巨大挑战[9,10]。为此需广泛地开展“分异问题”相关研究,以了解不同时期树木生长对气候变化响应的稳定性。基于国内外研究报道,将系统地梳理“分异问题”的发现包括出现的地点以及涉及的树种,同时对“分异问题”形成原因进行归纳,以期对相关研究提供参考。
Research Progress on the Divergence Problem of Tree Ring Growth-Climate Relationship
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摘要: 森林生态系统对全球气候变化响应一直是备受关注的问题。自20世纪中叶以来,在许多高纬度地区和高海拔地带的树木年轮宽度和密度记录中发现了森林生长指数和温度敏感性异常降低的现象,这一现象也被称为“分异问题”。“分异问题”对森林生态系统以及树轮古气候重建带来巨大影响。回顾了国内外关于“分异问题”的文献报道,从分异问题的发现(包括分异问题出现的地点和涉及的树种)出发,并对其发生的原因进行总结归纳。发现目前关于“分异问题”研究主要集中在中高纬度高寒地带以及高海拔地区,而中低纬度地区研究较少。目前对“分异问题”的成因解释还存在较大争议,主要包括干旱胁迫、“温度阈值”、“尾端效应”以及“北极变暗”等。因此,有必要进一步评估不同树种和不同地区对气候变化响应的稳定性,进一步确定“分异问题”发生的范围,与此同时对于已经确定的“分异问题”还需找到相应的解决办法,以提高树轮气候历史重建的准确性。Abstract: The response of forest ecosystems to global climate change has always been a concern. Since the middle of the 20th century, the abnormal decrease in forest growth index and temperature sensitivity have been observed in the records of tree ring width and density in many high-latitude and high-altitude areas, which is also known as the "divergence problem". The "divergence problem" has a significant impact on forest ecosystem and the reconstruction of tree-ring paleoclimate. This article reviews the literature reports on the "divergence problem" at home and abroad, starting from the discovery of the divergence problem (including the location of the divergence problem and the tree species involved), and summarizes its causes. It is found that the current research on "divergence problem" mainly concentrates in middle and high latitudes and high altitude regions, but less in the middle and low latitudes. At present, there are still significant controversies about the explanation of the causes of the "divergence problem", which mainly include drought stress, "temperature threshold", "tail end effect", and "Arctic darkening". Therefore, it is necessary to further evaluate the stability of different tree species and different regions in response to climate change, and further determine the occurrence scope of the "divergence problem". At the same time, it is necessary to find corresponding solutions to the identified "divergence problem" to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction of tree-ring climate history.
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Key words:
- Tree ring;
- Climate response;
- Divergence problem;
- Cause of formation
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