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栗实象(Curculio davidi Fairmaire)属鞘翅目象甲科象甲属(Curculio)昆虫,又称栗实象鼻虫、栗实象甲,是影响我国各主要板栗产区产量最严重的多食性蛀实害虫。板栗素有“干果之王”的称号,营养丰富,耐储、耐运,是重要的经济果品,且板栗树根深叶茂、树体高大,是优良的水土保持和生态改善树种。中国板栗的种植、产量和品质在世界上均居首位,但每年却由于栗实象危害造成巨大的经济损失。据统计,我国板栗产区每年约有20% ~ 40%的栗实被害,严重地区可达90%以上[1]。
栗实象主要危害壳斗科栗属、青冈属、栎属等植物,近年北方地区发生栗实象大规模侵害栗属植物现象[2-6]。栗实象危害发生时表现为集中连片,面积大,难以控制;且虫体小,危害隐蔽,防治困难,与其他蛀实害虫同时长时间危害壳斗科植物。目前国内关于栗实象防治技术方面的研究主要有生态防治、生物防治和人工防治几方面,生态防治可通过增加林分结构营造复合混交林减少其危害,或建立生态隔离带阻碍栗实象传播[3, 7-10]。从生物防治角度,杨霁虹等[11]和黄琼[12]分别利用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)、球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)和布氏白僵菌(B.bronginartii)来防治栗实象,其结果表明栗实象致死率较高而有效减少危害;陈春艳等[13]详细阐述了栗实象老熟幼虫被白僵菌侵染后的具体现象,并对致死率进行了相关测算,发现松毛虫僵虫体的菌株SYN01效果最佳。除此以外,还有人工捕杀、热水浸种等物理措施或对树体、地面、栗实喷施药剂等化学措施来防治栗实象[14]。
德昌板栗栽培历史悠久,品质上乘,口感香糯,深受人们喜爱。目前全县板栗面积已达13 333.33 hm2,其中投产面积4 000 hm2,年产量2.6万t,产值1.6亿元。但由于德昌板栗多为粗放经营,加之气候变暖等原因,以栗实象为主的害虫日趋严重,个别年份受害率达30% ~ 40%,个别区域高达50 %以上,这对德昌板栗产量和品质影响较大,产值大幅度降低。为确保德昌板栗产量和品质,实现助农增收,研究高效、优质的栗实象防治方法和技术显得尤为重要。前人的研究主要集中于单一的防治措施,而本文以栗实象生物特性为研究目标,通过观察其成虫出土时间进度和光源趋向行为,为栗实象的有效防治提供参考依据和新的防治思路。
Research on Unearthed Rhythm and Phototaxis of Curculio davidi Fairmaire
doi: 10.12172/201909020002
- Received Date: 2019-09-02
- Available Online: 2019-12-20
- Publish Date: 2020-02-27
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Key words:
- Curculio davidi Fairmaire /
- Unearthed rhythm /
- Phototaxis
Abstract: In order to study the biological features of unearthed rhythm and phototaxis of Curculio davidi Fairmaire, observadions were conducted on the amount and progress of unearthed adults and their phototaxis ratio to reflective and direct light sources. The results showed that the adult emerged from late May to late June, lasting for 30 days, with the initially fast pace of and then gradually pace slow and the maximum period was from late May to early June. The Curculio davidi adults were most sensitive to reflective purple and black light, and with a percentage of 56.11 and 55.00 respectively. Due to various factors in the field, the trapping and killing effect was not so efficient and the daily average trapping amount was 1.9 and 2.3 respectively. And the study proved the characteristics of weak phototaxis of adults. The unearthed period was a very crucial stage of preventing and controling the harm of Curculio davidi Fairmaire and the risks of its plague. So this stage should be taken seriously.