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花椒是四川地区重要的经济作物,截至2020年,四川省花椒种植面积和干花椒产量均居全国首位[1]。近几年,随花椒种植面积的不断增加,花椒锈病的发生愈加严重,几乎全省各地区发生,引起花椒树落叶早的完全颗粒无收,落叶迟的形成散籽花序,造成花椒严重减产[2-3]。目前,有研究表明花椒锈病的发生与环境的温度、降雨量[4]和花椒品种[5-6]等因素有关,而对于花椒锈病发生空间动态变化趋势方面的研究较少。
在化学防治方面,主要是单一药剂的防治[4],尚未见复配产品混合处理对花椒锈病的防治研究。
肟菌酯是甲氧基丙烯酸酯类的杀菌剂,抑菌活性高,广谱性强[7-8];吡唑醚菌酯是一种高效广谱杀菌剂,通过抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长起杀菌作用[9];戊唑醇是内吸性杀菌剂,作为全球重要的杀菌剂之一,悬浮剂和水乳剂作用于叶面喷雾是安全环保类的剂型[10]。
本研究选取川内代表性的8个花椒园,对主要花椒品种花椒锈病发生流行的空间动态变化趋势进行研究,以肟菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇的复配混合处理方式对花椒锈病进行防治,旨在为四川省花椒锈病的综合防治提供实践技术依据,为花椒产业的健康发展奠定基础。
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依据地形地貌和海拔高度,四川省花椒主产区红花椒为干旱河谷地带,青花椒为川中丘陵地区。青花椒品种主要为九叶青,红花椒品种主要为正路椒和大红袍,红花椒样地中正路椒和大红袍混合种植(见表1)。
表 1 花椒锈病调查样地详表
Table 1. the sample of investigation of prickly ash rust
类别
Category名称
Name位置
Location树龄/年
Age of tree /a海拔/m
Altitude /m青花椒样地
Sample of
qing- orchard青椒园A
Qing- orchard A资阳市乐至县孔雀乡马鞍山村
Ma'anshan Village, Kongque Township, Lezhi County, Ziyang City7 356 青椒园B
Qing- orchard B南充市南部县东坝镇楼房沟村
Loufanggou Village, Dongba Town, Nanchong City7 396 青椒园C
Qing- orchard C雅安市汉源县宜东镇富乡村
Fu Village, Yidong Town, Hanyuan County, Ya'an City10 1344 青椒园D
Qing- orchard D凉山彝族自治州雷波县杉树堡乡五里村
Wuli Village, Shanshubao Township, Leibo County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture10 1360 红花椒样地
Sample of
hong- orchard红椒园E
Hong- orchard E阿坝藏族羌族自治州茂县渭门镇核桃沟村
Hetaogou Village, Weimen Town, Mao County, Aba City30 1908 红椒园F
Hong - orchard F雅安市汉源县宜东镇关华村
Guanhua Village, Yidong Town, Hanyuan County, Ya'an City30 2300 红椒园G
Hong - orchard G甘孜藏族自治州泸定县兴隆镇毛家寨村
Maojiazhai Village, Xinglong Town, Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture20 2400 红椒园H
Hong - orchard H凉山彝族自治州美姑县巴普镇埂则村
Genze Village, Bapu Town, Meigu County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture20 2230 -
2019年1月至2019年12月期间对上述8个花椒园进行花椒锈病发生流行的跟踪调查,1月—4月期间,每隔30 d调查一次花椒锈病发病率与病情指数,5月—11月期间,每隔10 d调查一次,每个花椒园内随机选取3~4行花椒树,各行每隔几株选取一株,总计50~ 100株,每株按东、西、南、北4个方位,及上、中、下3个部位随机选取5片~ 10片花椒复叶,每次调查的小叶片总数不少于2000片。参照曹支敏[4]等、方中达[11]的方法对花椒锈病的发生情况进行统计分析。
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选取青椒园A中的青花椒(品种为九叶青)、青椒园A边的红花椒(品种为大红袍)和红椒园H中的红花椒(品种为正路椒),2019年9月,选取各椒园内不同品种的花椒树,按照1.2的调查方法,统计不同花椒品种锈病的病情指数。
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75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂(肟菌酯25%,戊唑醇50%,拜耳作物科学(中国)有限公司);30%苯甲·丙环唑悬浮剂(苯醚甲环唑15%,丙环唑15%,江苏禾木生化有限公司);30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂(吡唑醚菌酯10%,戊唑醇20%,陕西上格之路生物科学有限公司)。
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选取青椒园A和红椒园G进行田间防效试验,青椒园A:行距×株距=3×3,每公顷1100株,红椒园G:行距×株距=3×2,每公顷1600株。青椒园A和红椒园G在本研究开展的前3年均有花椒锈病的发生。
药效试验共设置6个处理:(1)75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂3000倍稀释;(2)30%苯甲·丙环唑悬浮剂1500倍稀释;(3)30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂1500倍稀释;(4)75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂3000倍稀释+30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂1500倍稀释;(5)30%苯甲·丙环唑悬浮剂1500倍稀释+30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂1500倍稀释;(6)等量清水对照。每个处理重复3次,每个重复20株,每株每次用药量为750 mL,共计施药3次,每次施药间隔7天,2020年9月14号第一次施药,施药方式为喷施,椒园进行常规田间管理。喷药7 d后分别调查病情指数,共调查3次,结果分别与对照进行比较。
表 2 花椒锈病严重度分级标准
Table 2. The severity grade of prickly ash rust
分级
Classification分级标准
Classification standards代表值
ValuesⅠ 叶部无夏(或冬)孢子
Leaves without uredinium or teleutosorus0 Ⅱ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数1~5个,约占叶面积的1/10以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 1~5, less than 1/10 of the leaves1 Ⅲ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数6~10个,约占叶面积的1/11 ~1/3以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 6~10, less than 1/11~1/3 of the leaves2 Ⅳ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数11~15个,约占叶面积的1/3~1/2以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 11-15, less than 1/3~1/2 of the leaves3 Ⅴ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数多于15个,约占叶面积的1/2以上
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were more than 15, more than 1/2 of the leaves4 注:花椒锈菌夏(或冬)孢子堆在寄主叶背多集生成环状,故称为集生圈。对极少数完全散生在叶上的夏(或冬)孢子堆按每15个折合为一个集生圈计算。
Not: The accumulation of uredinium (or teleutosorus) on the back of the host leaves formed rings, which were called circle. for the few uredinium (or teleutosorus) that were scattered on the leaves, every 15 spores that the few uredinium (or teleutosorus) that were scattered on the leaves were converted into a circle.病情指数=100× ∑(各级病叶数×各级代表值)/(调查总叶数×最高级代表值)
防治率(%)=(对照组病情指数-处理组病情指数)/对照组病情指数×100
发病率(%)=病叶数 /调查总叶片数×100
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采用Excel软件对数据进行处理,用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行单因素方差统计分析(One-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏新复极差法进行差异显著性分析,数据以平均值±标准误表示(Mean± SE,)(Standard Error,SE)。
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通过对8个不同地区的花椒园进行花椒锈病发生流行动态变化趋势的调查,结果表明不同花椒园的发病时间和病情指数均有差异,在青椒园中,青椒园A于5月中旬初最早开始出现夏孢子堆,病情指数最高为81.26,其余青椒园病情指数依次为青椒园B>青椒园C>青椒园D(见图1)。
图 1 青花椒园的花椒锈病病情指数动态变化趋势
Figure 1. Dynamic trend of disease index of prickly ash rust in different Qing- orchards
在红椒园中,红椒园F和红椒园H最先发病,红椒园H病情指数最高85.68,其余红椒园病情指数为红椒园F>红椒园G>红椒园E(见图2)。
图 2 红花椒园的花椒锈病病情指数动态变化趋势
Figure 2. Dynamic trend of disease index of prickly ash rust in different Hong- orchards
结合图1、图2和表1可知,海拔高度相差较大的花椒园,花椒锈病发生流行动态变化趋势不尽同。低海拔地区的青椒园A和青椒园B,在9月末前病情指数不断上升,10月略有下降,11月中旬达最大值81.26,随后降低。而高海拔地区的6个花椒园,在9月中下旬前病情指数不断上升,达峰值85.68后,终缓慢下降。
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选取相同海拔高度青椒园A中的九叶青和青椒园A边的大红袍分别调查其对花椒锈病的感病性,结果表明九叶青的病情指数小于大红袍。此外,对比不同海拔高度下,青椒园A中的九叶青和红椒园H中的正路椒,得出正路椒的病情指数大于九叶青的病情指数,且大红袍和正路椒之间病情指数差异显著(p<0.05)(见图3)。由此可知,在四川地区红花椒品种的正路椒和大红袍相比青花椒品种的九叶青更易感染花椒鞘锈菌,且病情指数也更严重。
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选择花椒锈病发生流行盛期,在青椒园A和红椒园G中进行防治实验,3次施药后,结果表明,6组处理中75%肟菌·戊唑醇和30%唑醚·戊唑醇的混合处理在青椒园A和红椒园G的防治效果均最佳,其余依次为75%肟菌·戊唑醇、30%苯甲·丙环唑和30%唑醚·戊唑醇的混合处理、30%苯甲·丙环唑、30%唑醚·戊唑醇(见表3)。
表 3 不同药剂对花椒锈病的田间防治率
Table 3. Control efficacy of different chemical agents on prickly ash rust
药剂处理
Treatment第一次施药
The first application第二次施药
The second application第三次施药
The third application病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 青椒园A
Qing-orchard A75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×300016.40±0.31 gh 75.76 20.41±0.49 f 71.91 26.08±0.34 g 68.06 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×150021.37±0.51 e 68.40 27.13±0.94 de 63.63 36.35±1.23 e 55.43 30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150025.57±0.35 d 62.20 35.52±0.86 c 51.08 44.78±0.82 d 45.12 75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×3000+ 30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150010.48±0.15 i 84.51 14.75±0.38 g 79.69 19.34±0.34 h 76.30 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×1500 +30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150018.66±0.45 f 72.40 22.38±0.95 f 69.21 31.62±1.20 f 61.23 CK (Tap Water) 67.67±0.74 b / 72.65±0.63 b / 81.63±0.74 b / 红椒园G
Hong-orchard G75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×300017.81±0.47 fg 74.79 24.38±0.32 ef 69.34 32.63±0.51 f 61.43 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×150026.76±0.94 d 62.12 31.03±1.03 d 60.98 43.60±1.27 d 48.51 30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150028.91±0.85 c 59.05 36.67±3.97 c 53.94 48.70±1.32 c 42.48 75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×3000+ 30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150015.42±0.27 h 78.17 20.47±0.37 f 74.27 26.71±0.19 g 68.43 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×1500 +30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150022.79±0.44 e 67.74 27.43±0.45 de 65.53 34.35±1.10 ef 59.39 CK (Tap Water) 70.65±0.49 a / 79.55±0.40 a / 84.64±0.73 a / 注:“/”表示无防治效果;表中数据为均值±标准误;同列中不同的小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Note: “/” indicates no control effect; Data are mean ±SE. Different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference between different treatment (Duncan’s new multiple ranges test at P<0.05).随施药时间的延长,病情指数上升,防治率降低,第三次施药后,对应CK病情指数青椒园A为81.63、红椒园G为84.64,75%肟菌·戊唑醇和30%唑醚·戊唑醇的混合处理条件下,青椒园A的病情指数为19.34、防治率达76.30%,红椒园G的病情指数为26.71、防治率达68.43%,平均防效青椒园A为80.17%,红椒园G为73.62%。这表明75%肟菌·戊唑醇3000倍液和30%唑醚·戊唑醇1500倍液的混合处理对花椒锈病的防治效果最佳。
Studies on the Incidence and Chemical Control of Prickly Ash Rust in Sichuan Province
More Information-
摘要: 通过地域差异选取四川省8个不同地区的花椒园对花椒锈病发生流行的空间动态变化进行跟踪调查,并进行田间药剂防效试验。结果表明:四川省花椒锈病发生流行空间动态变化趋势有2种:在低海拔地区,9月末之前病情指数不断上升,10月略有下降,11月中旬达最大值81.26,随后逐渐降低;在高海拔地区,9月中下旬前病情指数不断上升峰值为85.68,随后缓慢下降;不同花椒品种之间,正路椒和大红袍的病情指数比九叶青更为严重;在田间药剂防效方面,75%肟菌·戊唑醇3000倍液和30%唑醚·戊唑醇1500倍液的混合处理对花椒锈病的防治效果最佳,平均防效可达80.17%,对九叶青的防效高于正路椒。本研究明确了在四川省的低海拔地区花椒锈病更容易发生流行,九叶青相比正路椒和大红袍抗病,首次筛选出75%肟菌·戊唑醇和30%唑醚·戊唑醇的复配混合剂作为四川花椒锈病防治药剂。Abstract: According to the regional differences, 8 Sichuan pepper orchards were selected to investigate the spatial dynamic trend of the occurrence and prevalence of prickly ash rust, and the field control experiments were carried out. The results showed that there were two trends in the spatial dynamic trend of prickly ash rust in Sichuan Province: In the low-altitude areas, the disease index kept rising until the end of September, and then decreased slightly in October, The disease index had a maximum of 81.26 in mid-November, and then decreased gradually; In the high-altitude areas, the disease index increased continuously to a peak of 85.68 before mid-to-late September, and then decreased slowly; In different Sichuan pepper varieties, the disease indices of ‘Zhenglujiao’ and ‘Dahongpao’ were more serious than that of ‘Jiuyeqing’; In terms of field control effect, the mixed treatment of 75% trifloxystrobin ·tebuconazole with 3000 dilution and 30% pyraclostrobin ·tebuconazole with 1500 dilution showed the best control effect on Prickly ash rust, the average control effect was 80.71%, and the control effect on ‘Jiuyeqing’ was higher than that on ‘Zhenglujiao’. This study showed that prickly ash rust was more prevalent in the low-altitude area of Sichuan, ‘Jiuyeqing’ was more resistant to prickly ash rust than ‘Zhenglujiao’ and ‘Dahongpao’, the mixtures of 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconazole and 30% pyraclostrobin · tebuconazole were screened as the control agents of prickly ash rust for the first time in Sichuan Province.
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Key words:
- Prickly ash rust;
- Altitude;
- Dynamic trend;
- Chemical control
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表 1 花椒锈病调查样地详表
Tab. 1 the sample of investigation of prickly ash rust
类别
Category名称
Name位置
Location树龄/年
Age of tree /a海拔/m
Altitude /m青花椒样地
Sample of
qing- orchard青椒园A
Qing- orchard A资阳市乐至县孔雀乡马鞍山村
Ma'anshan Village, Kongque Township, Lezhi County, Ziyang City7 356 青椒园B
Qing- orchard B南充市南部县东坝镇楼房沟村
Loufanggou Village, Dongba Town, Nanchong City7 396 青椒园C
Qing- orchard C雅安市汉源县宜东镇富乡村
Fu Village, Yidong Town, Hanyuan County, Ya'an City10 1344 青椒园D
Qing- orchard D凉山彝族自治州雷波县杉树堡乡五里村
Wuli Village, Shanshubao Township, Leibo County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture10 1360 红花椒样地
Sample of
hong- orchard红椒园E
Hong- orchard E阿坝藏族羌族自治州茂县渭门镇核桃沟村
Hetaogou Village, Weimen Town, Mao County, Aba City30 1908 红椒园F
Hong - orchard F雅安市汉源县宜东镇关华村
Guanhua Village, Yidong Town, Hanyuan County, Ya'an City30 2300 红椒园G
Hong - orchard G甘孜藏族自治州泸定县兴隆镇毛家寨村
Maojiazhai Village, Xinglong Town, Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture20 2400 红椒园H
Hong - orchard H凉山彝族自治州美姑县巴普镇埂则村
Genze Village, Bapu Town, Meigu County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture20 2230 表 2 花椒锈病严重度分级标准
Tab. 2 The severity grade of prickly ash rust
分级
Classification分级标准
Classification standards代表值
ValuesⅠ 叶部无夏(或冬)孢子
Leaves without uredinium or teleutosorus0 Ⅱ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数1~5个,约占叶面积的1/10以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 1~5, less than 1/10 of the leaves1 Ⅲ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数6~10个,约占叶面积的1/11 ~1/3以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 6~10, less than 1/11~1/3 of the leaves2 Ⅳ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数11~15个,约占叶面积的1/3~1/2以下
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were 11-15, less than 1/3~1/2 of the leaves3 Ⅴ 夏(或冬)孢子堆集生圈数多于15个,约占叶面积的1/2以上
The number of circles of uredinium (or teleutosorus) were more than 15, more than 1/2 of the leaves4 注:花椒锈菌夏(或冬)孢子堆在寄主叶背多集生成环状,故称为集生圈。对极少数完全散生在叶上的夏(或冬)孢子堆按每15个折合为一个集生圈计算。
Not: The accumulation of uredinium (or teleutosorus) on the back of the host leaves formed rings, which were called circle. for the few uredinium (or teleutosorus) that were scattered on the leaves, every 15 spores that the few uredinium (or teleutosorus) that were scattered on the leaves were converted into a circle.表 3 不同药剂对花椒锈病的田间防治率
Tab. 3 Control efficacy of different chemical agents on prickly ash rust
药剂处理
Treatment第一次施药
The first application第二次施药
The second application第三次施药
The third application病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 病情指数Di 防治率PE/% 青椒园A
Qing-orchard A75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×300016.40±0.31 gh 75.76 20.41±0.49 f 71.91 26.08±0.34 g 68.06 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×150021.37±0.51 e 68.40 27.13±0.94 de 63.63 36.35±1.23 e 55.43 30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150025.57±0.35 d 62.20 35.52±0.86 c 51.08 44.78±0.82 d 45.12 75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×3000+ 30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150010.48±0.15 i 84.51 14.75±0.38 g 79.69 19.34±0.34 h 76.30 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×1500 +30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150018.66±0.45 f 72.40 22.38±0.95 f 69.21 31.62±1.20 f 61.23 CK (Tap Water) 67.67±0.74 b / 72.65±0.63 b / 81.63±0.74 b / 红椒园G
Hong-orchard G75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×300017.81±0.47 fg 74.79 24.38±0.32 ef 69.34 32.63±0.51 f 61.43 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×150026.76±0.94 d 62.12 31.03±1.03 d 60.98 43.60±1.27 d 48.51 30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150028.91±0.85 c 59.05 36.67±3.97 c 53.94 48.70±1.32 c 42.48 75%肟菌·戊唑醇×3000+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole×3000+ 30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150015.42±0.27 h 78.17 20.47±0.37 f 74.27 26.71±0.19 g 68.43 30%苯甲·丙环唑×1500+30%唑醚·戊唑醇×1500
30% difenoconazole·propiconazole×1500 +30% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole×150022.79±0.44 e 67.74 27.43±0.45 de 65.53 34.35±1.10 ef 59.39 CK (Tap Water) 70.65±0.49 a / 79.55±0.40 a / 84.64±0.73 a / 注:“/”表示无防治效果;表中数据为均值±标准误;同列中不同的小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Note: “/” indicates no control effect; Data are mean ±SE. Different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference between different treatment (Duncan’s new multiple ranges test at P<0.05). -
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