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树木年轮具有分布广泛、定年准确、易于复本、分辨率高等特征[1,2]。树轮不仅可以表达树木径向生长强度,还能准确记录木材形成期间或之前的周围环境变化信息,同样特殊的环境条件对树木生长的影响也会被记录其中。目前,树轮气候学研究中常用的代用指标为宽度、密度以及同位素含量等,将其与气候因子进行响应分析或重建古气候。然而,其响应关系遭到了质疑[3]。树轮中记录了丰富的气候和环境信息,而在传统树轮代用指标中记录的环境信号只占很小一部分,如何更好地从多个尺度上挖掘出树木年轮所包含的其他信息,是当前急需解决的重要科学问题之一。
树轮的异常结构作为一种“特殊信号”,利用它与环境因子之间存在关系,有助于更好地理解极端事件对树木形成层活动的影响,这也是当前树轮生态学领域中的一个重要研究内容。与此同时树轮异常结构作为反映气候变化重要参数指标,已成为广大科研学者的关注焦点并得到广泛应用。树轮异常结构主要有霜轮、浅轮、伪轮、断轮、缺轮、反应木和创伤性树脂道等。这严重阻碍了树木年轮序列的交叉定年,其中大多是在特殊生境或极端环境的严重影响下形成的[4]。利用这些异常轮特征,可以判断森林火灾、虫害和火山爆发等极端环境事件对树木生长带来的影响,并为历史上极端环境事件的重建提供了依据,同时也为进一步开展森林干扰研究提供了科学依据。基于异常轮的相关报道,总结异常轮的发生区域、涉及树种、季节条件等特征、异常轮的成因及其广泛应用,并对未来研究进行展望,以求为进一步开展异常轮的研究提供一定参考。
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