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楤木(Aralia chinensis)是五加科楤木属植物,别名龙苞[1]、鹊不踏、虎阳刺、海桐皮和刺老芽等,是中国特有树种,传统的食药两用山野菜[2],其营养价值和保健功能极高,楤木为常用的中草药,食用的嫩芽中含有多种维生素和矿物质,其氨基酸的含量较高。还具有除湿活血、安神祛风、滋阴补气、强壮筋骨、健胃利尿等功效[3]。楤木被誉为“山野菜之王”,深受消费者青睐,是出口创汇的主要野菜之一,然而近年来随着市场需求的高涨,人们栽植楤木的积极性提高,但楤木野生资源有限,仅靠分蘖栽植生产的效率不高,无法很好满足市场需求。虽然楤木种子发芽较困难,但因其结实量大,采收成本低,如果能从种子繁殖取得突破,对于楤木的推广具有极大的促进作用,于是对其种子繁殖的研究[4]受到广泛关注。
研究发现,不同种源的种子质量参差不齐,发芽率差异较大[5]。而种子形态与发芽率,有非常大的关系。邓贵仲等研究表明种子活力与种子千粒重与生活力、发芽率呈极显著正相关,种子生活力与发芽率呈极显著正相关[6]。苏建明等认为种子千粒重与生活力、发芽率呈极显著正相关,种子生活力与发芽率呈极显著正相关[7]。张静等发现种子长度与宽度呈极显著正相关,千粒重分别与其生活力、发芽率均呈显著正相关,种子生活力与发芽率呈极显著正相关[8]。因此,对不同种源种子的外观形态进行测定[9],分析种子的生活力、千粒重和空粒率等指标,能进一步了解楤木种子的特性,研究楤木种子外观形态的差异性,从而筛选优良种子,为楤木推广种植提供备选种源[10]。
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楤木果实为蒴果,球形黑褐色,种子椭圆形,由表1可得出,长度平均值2.33 mm,变化范围1.92~3.45 mm,种子的长度在种源间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中C4种子最大,为3.45 mm,C5种子长度最小,为1.92 mm,其由大到小依次是C4>C2、C3>C1>C5,C4比C5大44%,C2和C3差异不显著;C1种子长度变异系数最大是13.21%,C4种子最小为5.72%。
指标
Index种子长度/mm
Seed length /mm种子长度变异系数/%
Variation coefficient
of seed length /%种子宽度/mm
Seed width /mm种子宽度变异系数/%
Variation coefficient
of seed width /%种子厚度/mm
Seed thickness /mm种子厚度变异系数/%
Variation coefficient
of seed thickness /%C1 2.05±0.27cd 13.21 1.54±0.18bc 11.45 0.75±0.10b 13.20 C2 2.10±0.15c 7.18 1.54±0.12bc 7.94 1.05±0.09a 8.63 2.29±0.18b 8.07 1.61±0.19b 11.68 1.04±0.09a 8.67 C3 2.15±0.20bc 9.40 1.37±0.16d 11.67 0.68±0.06bc 9.42 C4 3.45±0.20a 5.72 2.29±0.14a 6.15 0.56±0.07d 12.35 C5 1.92±0.0.25d 13.06 1.47±0.13cd 8.80 0.66±0.08c 12.71 平均值Mean value 2.33±0.21 9.44 1.64±0.15 9.62 0.79±0.08 10.83 注:表中数据为平均值±标准误;同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Note: The data in the table are Mean value ± Standard Error. Different lowercase letters after the data in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05).Table 1. Appearance and morphology of the seeds
种子宽度平均值1.64 mm,变化范围1.37~2.29 mm,种子的宽度在种源间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中C4种子宽度最大,为2.29 mm,C3种子宽度最小,为1.37 mm,其由大到小依次是C4>C2、C1>C5、C3,C1和C2、C3和C5种子间无显著性差异;C1种子宽度变异系数最大是11.45%,C4种子最小为6.15%。
种子厚度平均值0.80 mm,变化范围0.63~1.05 mm,种子的厚度在种源间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中C2种子厚度最大为1.05 mm,C4种子厚度最小为0.56 mm,其由大到小依次是C2>C1>C3、C5>C4,C3和C5种子间无显著性差异;C5种子厚度变异系数最大为12.71%,C2种子最小为8.65%。
不同地理位置同一物种的种子大小具有较大差异性,C4较其他采集的种质种子资源的外观形态要大,尤其长度达3 mm以上,宽度达2 mm以上,与其他种源种子差异显著(P<0.05)。其种子厚度较其他种源最小为0.56 mm,说明该地种子较瘪,而C2种子的厚度最大,为1.05 mm,其宽度也较大,为1.58 mm,说明该种子较圆。在种源间C1种子性状的变异系数较大,其长度、宽度和厚度变异系数分别为13.21%、11.45%和13.20%,说明该种源地种子性状多样,变异性丰富,而C4整体变异系数最小,最为整齐。
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5个种源地种子千粒重平均值为1.51 g,变化范围在1.01~2.87 g(见表2),各种源地种子千粒重存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中C4千粒重最大,为2.87 g,C5千粒重最小,为1.01 g,其由大到小依次是C4>C2>C1>C3、C5,C4比C5大约3倍。C4的种子千粒重显著高于其他种源,其值可达最小种源C5的3倍,说明了C4的种子饱满度和充实率高于其他种源,且贮藏的营养物质较多,播种以后出苗整齐健壮,此结果与种子外观形态测定结果相符。
种源
Provenance种子千粒重/g
1000-seed weight /g种子净度/%
Seed purity /%种子空粒率/%
Seed empty rate /%种子生活力/%
Seed viability %C1 1.27±0.01c 82.33±2.77b 8.67±5.03b 88.67±5.03a C2 1.44±0.09b 83.68±3.87b 34.33±13.65a 53.33±5.03c C3 0.97±0.02d 100.00±0.00a 6.67±3.06b 94.00±4.00a C4 2.87±0.15a 100.00±0.00a 5.33±3.06b 90.67±1.15a C5 1.01±0.01d 100.00±0.00a 11.33±3.06b 76.67±3.06b 平均值 1.51±0.05 93.20±1.33 13.27±5.57 80.67±3.66 注:表中数据为平均值±标准误;同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Note: The data in the table are Mean value ± Standard Error. Different lowercase letters after the data in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).Table 2. Seed traits index
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5个种源地种子净度平均值为93.20%,变化范围在82.33~100%(见表2),各种源地种子净度存在显著差异(P<0.05),市售种子C3、C4和C5的净度最大为100%,C1种子净度最小,为82.33%,C2种子净度为83.68%,C1、C2两者差异不显著。由上面分析可看出,除去市售种子的净度达100%,而人工实地采集种子净度较低,也说明市售种子经过前期处理,去除了杂质;而人工采集的四川的两个种源,前期处理还不够。
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5个种源地种子空粒率平均值为13.27%,变化范围在5.33~34.33%(见表2),各种源种子空粒率存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中C2种子空粒率最高,为34.33%,其与C1、C3、C4、C5间差异显著,而C1、C3、C4、C5间差异不显著。
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5个不同种源地种子生活力平均值为80.67%,变化范围在53.33~94.00%(见表2),各种源种子生活力存在显著差异(P<0.05),C3种子生活力最高,为94%,C2种子生活力最低,为53.33%,C3比C2大43%,由大到小依次是C3、C4、C1>C5>C2,其中C1、C3、C4间差异不显著。5个种源中,C1、C3和C4表现出高生活力,说明这3种源的种子具有较大的生长优势和生产潜力。
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对楤木种子外观形态(长度、宽度、厚度)、千粒重、净度、空粒率和生活力7个指标进行Pearson相关性分析[17],相关系数达到显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)的水平如表3所示。结果表明:种子长度和宽度、千粒重呈极显著正相关,与净度呈、生活力呈正相关,与种子厚度和空粒率呈负相关;种子宽度和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与净度、生活力呈正相关,与厚度、空粒率呈负相关;种子厚度和空粒率呈极显著正相关,与净度、生活力呈极显著负相关,与千粒重呈负相关;种子千粒重和净度、生活力呈正相关,与空粒率呈负相关;种子净度和生活力呈正相关,与空粒率呈负相关;种子空粒率和生活力呈极显著负相关。
指标
Index长度
Length宽度
Width厚度
Thickness千粒重
1000-seed weight净度
Neatness空粒率
Empty grain rate宽度 Width 0.938** 厚度 Thickness −0.47 −0.394 千粒重 1000-seed weight 0.950** 0.975** −0.394 净度 Neatness 0.382 0.25 −0.643** 0.188 空粒率 Empty grain rate −0.28 −0.27 0.807** −0.177 −0.472 生活力 Viability 0.359 0.212 −0.813** 0.158 0.491 −0.788** 注:*表示达到P<0.05显著水平,**表示达到P<0.01极显著水平。
Note: * indicates significant level at P<0.05, ** indicates extremely significant level at P<0.01.Table 3. Correlation coefficients between various indicators of seeds from different provenances
Comparative Study on Seed Traits of Aralia chinensis from 5 Provenances
doi: 10.12172/202203290003
- Received Date: 2022-03-29
- Available Online: 2022-07-06
- Publish Date: 2022-12-30
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Key words:
- Aralia chinensis /
- Provenance /
- Seed traits /
- Alternative provenance
Abstract: Aralia chinensis is a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal wild herb with high nutritional value and health care function, which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and many other diseases. Because the market demand is constantly increasing, but at present, Aralia chinensis resources are declining year by year, so it is impossible to meet the market demand only by natural renewal alone. So, it is more and more important to select excellent Aralia chinensis provenance and strengthen good breeding research. Therefore, it is necessary to study the morphological differences of Aralia chinensis seeds, select excellent seeds and provide alternative provenances for Aralia chinensis planting. The seeds of Aralia chinensis from Kangding, Luding, Ganzhou red Aralia chinensis, Ganzhou black Aralia chinensis and Harbin provenances were used as research objects, and the index of seed appearance, 1000-seed weight, seed purity, seed empty seed rate and seed viability of different provenances were determined. There were significant differences in seed size, 1000-seed weight, seed purity, empty seed rate and seed viability among different provenances (P < 0.05). The maximum seed length was C4, 3.45mm, the minimum was C5, 1.92mm, and the maximum coefficient of variation was C1, 13.21%, and the minimum was C4, 5.72%. The maximum width was C4, 2.29mm, the minimum was C3, 1.37mm, and the maximum width variation coefficient was C3, 11.67%, the minimum was C4, 6.15%. The maximum seed thickness was C2 (1.05mm), the minimum was C4 (0.56mm), and the maximum seed thickness variation coefficient was C5 (12.71%), the minimum was C2 (8.65%). The 1000-seed weight ranged from 1.01 to 2.87g, among which C4 seeds had the largest 1000-seed weight (2.87g) and C5 seeds had the smallest 1000-seed weight (1.01g). The purity of seeds ranged from 82.33 to 100%, among which the purity of C3, C4 and C5 seeds commercially sold in the market reached 100%, while the purity of C1 seeds was the smallest with a value of 82.33%. The seed empty rate of C4 was the smallest (5.33%), and the highest was C2 (34.33%). The seed viability ranged from 53.33% to 94.00%, among which C3 seeds had the highest viability (94%) and C2 seeds had the lowest viability (53.33%). Based on the comprehensive analysis, the seed traits of the same species from different geographical locations were quite different. Jiangxi black Aralia chinensis showed good characteristics in the overall index measurement. After comparison, it was found that there were obvious differences in appearance between the local seeds and other seeds (P < 0.05), and the plumpness and 1000-seed weight of seeds were also higher than those of other provenances.