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季节性冻融是指由于一年四季与昼夜的变化伴随着环境中温度的变化,反映在多尺度土层上反复冻结-融冻的过程[1],这种情况主要出现在高纬度地区如我国东北地区[2-3]以及高海拔地区如我国青藏高原地区[4-5],是全球中普遍存在的一种自然现象。秋冬季节,温度降低,土层普遍由上至下冻结,春夏季节,温度升高,土层普遍由上至下冻融[6]。已有研究将季节性冻融划分为五个不同时期:冻融初期(10月下旬—11月),该时期土壤表层日最高温大于0℃,日最低温小于0℃,土层由上至下逐渐冻结;冻融后期(12月—1月中旬),该时期昼夜平均温度在0℃以下,土壤冻结从土层表面逐渐渗透到最大冻结层;稳定冻结期(1月中旬—2月),该时期土壤完全处于冻结状态,且土壤深层的平均温度和日最高温持续在0℃以下;融冻初期(3月),日均温在0℃上下波动,土壤开始由上至下与由下至上双向融化;融冻后期(4月下旬),表层土壤温度最低温大于0℃,土壤冻结层开始融化,但在土壤深层也存在温度小于0℃的现象[7]。
随着全球气候变暖,在高纬度与高海拔地区温度也随着升高,从而对土壤生态系统在水分与热量的分配上产生了重大的影响,并且冻土由于其独特的形成过程,对温度特别是全球气候变暖的反应更为敏感[8]。在此背景下,季节性冻土区的冻结时期将往后延迟,而解冻时期将提前[9],也就意味着土壤的冻结时间趋于缩短;Li等[10]在青藏高原研究发现,在1988—2007年期间,土壤解冻开始时间提前约14 d,土壤冻结开始时间推迟约10 d;Li等[11]更是认为土壤冻结日期每10年会推迟2.2 d,解冻日期会提前3.2 d,冻结天数会缩短5.2 d,这一变化也使得地表植被的生存环境发生了变化[6]。国内外学者对高纬度与高海拔地带的土壤冻融作用进行了研究,很多结论都表明冻融作用对土壤的物理特性、化学特性和土壤微生物群落产生了重大影响[12]。
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