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鸟类作为城市生物多样性的重要组成部分,是城市生态系统健康水平的指示物种[1],研究城市鸟类群落已成为城市生态学研究的热点。但城市化的快速发展导致城市中适宜鸟类生存的栖息地逐渐减少,威胁到城市鸟类的生存。随着国内生态文明城市建设不断推进,公园的数量和规模在不断增加,为城市鸟类提供了主要栖息地,但是公园绿地作为城市居民休闲娱乐的重要场所,人为干扰较为严重,导致公园鸟类的群落物种组成、群落多样性、营巢方式、生活习性等方面都形成了与自然生态系统不同的特征。有学者指出鸟类数量和城市化水平呈明显负相关[2-3],鸟类多样性在空间分布上从城区到郊区有显著地增加。此外,城市公园与郊区公园鸟类群落物种相似度随与市中心距离增加而降低[4]。公园周边环境的城市化水平与鸟类物种数呈明显负相关,鸟类数量则无明显相关[5],且随着城市化水平提高,一些原本公园中常见的食虫鸟类、地筑巢和树洞筑巢鸟类的数量在减少[6]。需要注意的是,随着城市化程度的提高,鸟类对人为干扰的适应性在提高,在城市化指数较高的公园中,人为干扰并非影响鸟类群落的主要因素[7]。此外,公园周边的道路覆盖率的增加会对鸟类多样性产生很大的负面影响[8],这种负面影响可能更多的与城市道路所产生的交通噪音有关,这种噪音会影响鸟类在繁殖季节的繁殖成功率[9]。但在另一方面,城市化也可能为鸟类提供生存所需的条件和资源,一些鸟类能够适应在城市中生存,雏鸟的存活率也比在自然生境中高[10],且有证据表明人工巢箱可能比自然巢址更受鸟类欢迎,能进一步帮助鸟类提高繁殖成功率[11]。
城市中影响鸟类群落的因素众多,国内外大量研究表明城市化与鸟类数量和群落多样性等密切相关,但是由于公园的复杂性和时空异质性等问题,当前关于公园中植物群落对鸟类群落影响的认识尚不完整。因此,本文从已开展的相关研究进行系统总结,从城市公园角度来分析植物群落对鸟类多样性的影响,对保护鸟类多样性的城市公园植被建设具有理论和指导意义。
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