2021 Vol. 42 Issue 3
2021 Vol. 42, No. 3 Catalogue
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2021, 42(3): 1-6.
doi: 10.12172/202009210002
Abstract:
In order to explore the relationship between the growth characteristics of Cunninghamia unica plantation and soil factors, variance analysis and correlation analysis were used to analyze the difference and correlation between growth traits and soil chemical properties of Cunninghamia unica plantation in Dechang, different areas with the same stand age and different stand ages in the same area. The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth characteristics of Cunninghamia unica of the same stand age in different regions, and there was no significant correlation between the growth traits and soil factors. There were significant differences in growth traits of Dechang Cunninghamia unica with different stand ages in the same area, among which the annual growth of DBH was extremely significant positively correlated with the soil total potassium, and the annual growth of tree height is significant positively correlated with total potassium.
In order to explore the relationship between the growth characteristics of Cunninghamia unica plantation and soil factors, variance analysis and correlation analysis were used to analyze the difference and correlation between growth traits and soil chemical properties of Cunninghamia unica plantation in Dechang, different areas with the same stand age and different stand ages in the same area. The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth characteristics of Cunninghamia unica of the same stand age in different regions, and there was no significant correlation between the growth traits and soil factors. There were significant differences in growth traits of Dechang Cunninghamia unica with different stand ages in the same area, among which the annual growth of DBH was extremely significant positively correlated with the soil total potassium, and the annual growth of tree height is significant positively correlated with total potassium.
2021, 42(3): 7-12.
doi: 10.12172/202010090001
Abstract:
In this study, the disks of Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. were chosen as the research object, the morphological characteristics of ring width, tracheid length and width, tracheid thickness of double wall, tracheid lumen diameter, and timber character of wood moisture, dry shrinkage property, and density were measured by the wood anatomic method, in order to study the radial variation law of wood properties. The results showed that Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. was a relatively fast-growing tree species with an average ring width of 5.17 mm, and maintained vigorous secondary growth from 1 to 17 years. The tracheid length, width, thickness of double wall and lumen diameter increased gradually from the pith to the outside, which were 1363.98−3498.38 mm, 28.41−43.50 mm, 4.22−6.55 μm, and 13.74−37.20 μm respectively. The water content of air dried wood showed an increasing trend, and the moisture content of raw wood increased slowly at first, and then decreased gradually. There were no obvious variation in shrinkage rate of wood and wood density, showing a stable state on the whole. The results indicated that Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. was a relative fast-growing tree species, and the harvest time could was between 17−20 years, which could obtain a relative high timber income.
In this study, the disks of Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. were chosen as the research object, the morphological characteristics of ring width, tracheid length and width, tracheid thickness of double wall, tracheid lumen diameter, and timber character of wood moisture, dry shrinkage property, and density were measured by the wood anatomic method, in order to study the radial variation law of wood properties. The results showed that Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. was a relatively fast-growing tree species with an average ring width of 5.17 mm, and maintained vigorous secondary growth from 1 to 17 years. The tracheid length, width, thickness of double wall and lumen diameter increased gradually from the pith to the outside, which were 1363.98−3498.38 mm, 28.41−43.50 mm, 4.22−6.55 μm, and 13.74−37.20 μm respectively. The water content of air dried wood showed an increasing trend, and the moisture content of raw wood increased slowly at first, and then decreased gradually. There were no obvious variation in shrinkage rate of wood and wood density, showing a stable state on the whole. The results indicated that Picea brachytyla (Franch.) Pritz. var. complanata (Mast.) Cheng ex Rehd. was a relative fast-growing tree species, and the harvest time could was between 17−20 years, which could obtain a relative high timber income.
2021, 42(3): 13-17.
doi: 10.12172/202009180001
Abstract:
Fractal dimension method is one of the effective methods to quantify the valley differences. However, there are differences in the upstream, middle and downstream of the valley. How the valley level affects the box dimension of the valley remains to be explored. Based on 1∶10 000 DEM data source, the global and segmented box dimensions of Suide small valley in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province were studied, and the global and segmented box dimensions of the primary tributary were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: in small watershed, the box dimensions of different confluence thresholds fluctuated in a certain range with different thresholds, the box dimensions of 200 and 1 800 thresholds were 1.48 and 1.23, respectively; the box dimensions of the upper reaches of small watershed were 1.07 and 1.02, respectively, which corresponded to the early stage of valley development; the box dimensions of the middle and lower reaches increased, which were all 1.66, which corresponded to the peak age of valley. The global box dimension of the first tributary was lower than that of the whole watershed, which was 1.29 and 1.08 respectively. The box dimension of the first tributary located in the upper reaches of the watershed was the smallest, which was 0.87 and 0.94 respectively. The results showed that the box dimension method could reveal the differences of gully morphology to a certain extent.
Fractal dimension method is one of the effective methods to quantify the valley differences. However, there are differences in the upstream, middle and downstream of the valley. How the valley level affects the box dimension of the valley remains to be explored. Based on 1∶10 000 DEM data source, the global and segmented box dimensions of Suide small valley in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province were studied, and the global and segmented box dimensions of the primary tributary were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: in small watershed, the box dimensions of different confluence thresholds fluctuated in a certain range with different thresholds, the box dimensions of 200 and 1 800 thresholds were 1.48 and 1.23, respectively; the box dimensions of the upper reaches of small watershed were 1.07 and 1.02, respectively, which corresponded to the early stage of valley development; the box dimensions of the middle and lower reaches increased, which were all 1.66, which corresponded to the peak age of valley. The global box dimension of the first tributary was lower than that of the whole watershed, which was 1.29 and 1.08 respectively. The box dimension of the first tributary located in the upper reaches of the watershed was the smallest, which was 0.87 and 0.94 respectively. The results showed that the box dimension method could reveal the differences of gully morphology to a certain extent.
2021, 42(3): 18-23.
doi: 10.12172/202012170001
Abstract:
In recent years, infrared camera technology has been widely used in the study of population, quantity, distribution, activity rhythm, and behavior characteristics of wild animals. According to the infrared camera monitoring data of 149 infrared cameras for 21238 camera working days in Daxiangling Nature Reserve, Sichuan province, China, in 2019. Five species of ungulates, M. berezovskii, B. t.tibetena, C. milneedwardsii, E. cephalophus, and S. scrofa were identified in the same region as the wild giant panda. The relative abundance index (RAI) method was used to analyze the activity rhythms and seasonal differences of those five ungulates. The results showed that: (1) The total richness of the five ungulates in the study area reached 53.59%, among which E. cephalophus had the highest abundance of 29.54%, followed by C. milneedwardsii (12.63%), B. t.tibetena (4.09%), S. scrofa (3.97%) and M. berezovskii (3.37%). (2) The seasonal rhythm of M. berezovskii, C. milneedwardsii, and S. scrofa was consistent, that was, the activity was most frequent in autumn and winter, gradually decreased in spring, and reached a low point in summer; On the contrary, E. cephalophus and B. t.tibetena had the most frequent activities in summer, gradually declined from autumn, fell to a low point in winter, and started to rise in May in spring. (3) M. berezovskii and E. cephalophus had a similar daily activity pattern. They showed a weak activity peak in the early morning, but high activity peak during 18:00—20:00 at dust; B. t.tibetena and S. scrofa were mainly concentrated in daytime activities and showed a twilight pattern. (4) The activity intensity of M. berezovskii was different in spring, and the activity intensity was extremely high at dusk. The winter nocturnal activity of C. milneedwardsii was the most obvious, while there was no obvious seasonal difference for E. cephalophus and S. scrofa. (5) C. milneedwardsii had obvious nocturnal behavior. The above results are helpful for monitoring the changes of ungulates population, providing data support for the effective protection and management of the reserve. In addition, this research provides basic data for the study of niche differentiation between wild giant pandas and accompanying ungulates, and provides scientific basis for the wild release of giant pandas.
In recent years, infrared camera technology has been widely used in the study of population, quantity, distribution, activity rhythm, and behavior characteristics of wild animals. According to the infrared camera monitoring data of 149 infrared cameras for 21238 camera working days in Daxiangling Nature Reserve, Sichuan province, China, in 2019. Five species of ungulates, M. berezovskii, B. t.tibetena, C. milneedwardsii, E. cephalophus, and S. scrofa were identified in the same region as the wild giant panda. The relative abundance index (RAI) method was used to analyze the activity rhythms and seasonal differences of those five ungulates. The results showed that: (1) The total richness of the five ungulates in the study area reached 53.59%, among which E. cephalophus had the highest abundance of 29.54%, followed by C. milneedwardsii (12.63%), B. t.tibetena (4.09%), S. scrofa (3.97%) and M. berezovskii (3.37%). (2) The seasonal rhythm of M. berezovskii, C. milneedwardsii, and S. scrofa was consistent, that was, the activity was most frequent in autumn and winter, gradually decreased in spring, and reached a low point in summer; On the contrary, E. cephalophus and B. t.tibetena had the most frequent activities in summer, gradually declined from autumn, fell to a low point in winter, and started to rise in May in spring. (3) M. berezovskii and E. cephalophus had a similar daily activity pattern. They showed a weak activity peak in the early morning, but high activity peak during 18:00—20:00 at dust; B. t.tibetena and S. scrofa were mainly concentrated in daytime activities and showed a twilight pattern. (4) The activity intensity of M. berezovskii was different in spring, and the activity intensity was extremely high at dusk. The winter nocturnal activity of C. milneedwardsii was the most obvious, while there was no obvious seasonal difference for E. cephalophus and S. scrofa. (5) C. milneedwardsii had obvious nocturnal behavior. The above results are helpful for monitoring the changes of ungulates population, providing data support for the effective protection and management of the reserve. In addition, this research provides basic data for the study of niche differentiation between wild giant pandas and accompanying ungulates, and provides scientific basis for the wild release of giant pandas.
2021, 42(3): 24-34.
doi: 10.12172/202011010001
Abstract:
From August 2017 to August 2018, infrared camera technology was used to monitor and study wild mammals in Chaqingsongduo White-lipped Deer National Nature Reserve, Sichuan province. In this study, based on intensive survey of 6 031 efficient camera days at 88 locations, a total of 8 708 photographs and 423 videos of wild mammals were captured, among them 8 508 photographs and 403 videos of specific species of mammals were accurately identified and 1 237 independent and effective records were recorded. A total of 23 wild mammal species were identified, belonging to 11 families and 5 orders. Among them, Carnivora (10 species, 4 families) were the highest in species richness, followed by Artiodactyla (9 species, 4 families), Rodentia (2 species, 1 families), Primates (1 species, 1 families) and Lagomorpha (1 species, 1 families). Four species were listed as Class I national key protected wild animals in China and ten species as Class II. Two mammal species was evaluated as Endangered (EN) by IUCN Red List, three species as Near Threatened (NT) and five species as Vulnerable (VU). Based on the relative abundance index (RAI) and site occupancy (SO), Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) (RAI=11.95; SO=75.00%), White-lipped Deer (Przewalskium albirostris) (RAI=3.93; SO=37.50%), Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) (RAI=1.04; SO=21.59%), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) (RAI=0.96; SO=26.14%) and Chinese Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (RAI=0.71; SO=23.86%) were ranked as the top five abundant mammal species. The valuable infrared image data of precious wildlife were obtained, and the species, relative abundance, distribution and disturbance factors of wild animals were preliminarily understood in the reserve. This study is the first monitoring study conducted by infrared camera since the establishment of the reserve in 1991. The research results are of great significance to further grasp the background data such as the diversity and distribution status of wild animals in the reserve, and meanwhile accumulate important basic data for the subsequent scientific research and protection management of the reserve.
From August 2017 to August 2018, infrared camera technology was used to monitor and study wild mammals in Chaqingsongduo White-lipped Deer National Nature Reserve, Sichuan province. In this study, based on intensive survey of 6 031 efficient camera days at 88 locations, a total of 8 708 photographs and 423 videos of wild mammals were captured, among them 8 508 photographs and 403 videos of specific species of mammals were accurately identified and 1 237 independent and effective records were recorded. A total of 23 wild mammal species were identified, belonging to 11 families and 5 orders. Among them, Carnivora (10 species, 4 families) were the highest in species richness, followed by Artiodactyla (9 species, 4 families), Rodentia (2 species, 1 families), Primates (1 species, 1 families) and Lagomorpha (1 species, 1 families). Four species were listed as Class I national key protected wild animals in China and ten species as Class II. Two mammal species was evaluated as Endangered (EN) by IUCN Red List, three species as Near Threatened (NT) and five species as Vulnerable (VU). Based on the relative abundance index (RAI) and site occupancy (SO), Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) (RAI=11.95; SO=75.00%), White-lipped Deer (Przewalskium albirostris) (RAI=3.93; SO=37.50%), Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) (RAI=1.04; SO=21.59%), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) (RAI=0.96; SO=26.14%) and Chinese Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (RAI=0.71; SO=23.86%) were ranked as the top five abundant mammal species. The valuable infrared image data of precious wildlife were obtained, and the species, relative abundance, distribution and disturbance factors of wild animals were preliminarily understood in the reserve. This study is the first monitoring study conducted by infrared camera since the establishment of the reserve in 1991. The research results are of great significance to further grasp the background data such as the diversity and distribution status of wild animals in the reserve, and meanwhile accumulate important basic data for the subsequent scientific research and protection management of the reserve.
2021, 42(3): 35-40.
doi: 10.12172/202010110002
Abstract:
Based on field investigation, specimen arrangement and literature review, the species, distribution, present situation and conservation and utilization of Pedicularis plants in Wolong Nature Reserve were studied. The results showed that there were 42 Pedicularis species in the reserve (including varieties and subspecies), belonging to 10 groups and 27 series, of which 30 species were endemic to China, with the endemic rate as high as 71.43%. In the reserve, Pedicularis plants were mainly distributed in areas above 2500 m altitude (up to 39 species, accounting for 92.86%), especially in alpine shrubs and meadows above 3500 m altitude (up to 27 species, accounting for 64.29%). There were eleven newly recorded species (including varieties), including Pedicularis dunniana, P. siphonantha var. delavayi, P. kansuensis, P. fargesii, P. rhodotricha, P. oederi, P. torta, P. petitmenginii, P. rudis, P. merrillian. In this region, Pedicularis plants were concentrated and contiguous, but a few species were distributed in narrow areas. Two suspected new species were founded in the investigation, and samples and molecular materials were also collected for further study. At the same time, some suggestions were put forward for the protection and utilization of Pedicularis plants in the nature reserve.
Based on field investigation, specimen arrangement and literature review, the species, distribution, present situation and conservation and utilization of Pedicularis plants in Wolong Nature Reserve were studied. The results showed that there were 42 Pedicularis species in the reserve (including varieties and subspecies), belonging to 10 groups and 27 series, of which 30 species were endemic to China, with the endemic rate as high as 71.43%. In the reserve, Pedicularis plants were mainly distributed in areas above 2500 m altitude (up to 39 species, accounting for 92.86%), especially in alpine shrubs and meadows above 3500 m altitude (up to 27 species, accounting for 64.29%). There were eleven newly recorded species (including varieties), including Pedicularis dunniana, P. siphonantha var. delavayi, P. kansuensis, P. fargesii, P. rhodotricha, P. oederi, P. torta, P. petitmenginii, P. rudis, P. merrillian. In this region, Pedicularis plants were concentrated and contiguous, but a few species were distributed in narrow areas. Two suspected new species were founded in the investigation, and samples and molecular materials were also collected for further study. At the same time, some suggestions were put forward for the protection and utilization of Pedicularis plants in the nature reserve.
2021, 42(3): 41-46.
doi: 10.12172/202010190002
Abstract:
There is a close relationship between the protection of water environment in wetland park and the high-quality development of wetland park. Based on the perspective of collective rational altruism, a conceptual model of tourists’ water environmental protection behavior was constructed by incorporating interpersonal trust into the normative activation theory. 315 tourists from Qi’ao mangrove wetland park in Zhuhai were chosen for analyzed samples, the conceptual model was empirically tested by structural equation model. The results showed that: (1) The consciousness of result and the attribution of responsibility indirectly drive the behavior of water environmental protection through moral obligation; (2) Interpersonal trust indirectly drove water environmental protection behavior through water environmental protection attitude. Therefore, the conclusion of this study was beneficial to supplement the theoretical achievements of water environmental protection behavior and provided theoretical basis for guiding wetland park tourists to implement water environmental protection behavior.
There is a close relationship between the protection of water environment in wetland park and the high-quality development of wetland park. Based on the perspective of collective rational altruism, a conceptual model of tourists’ water environmental protection behavior was constructed by incorporating interpersonal trust into the normative activation theory. 315 tourists from Qi’ao mangrove wetland park in Zhuhai were chosen for analyzed samples, the conceptual model was empirically tested by structural equation model. The results showed that: (1) The consciousness of result and the attribution of responsibility indirectly drive the behavior of water environmental protection through moral obligation; (2) Interpersonal trust indirectly drove water environmental protection behavior through water environmental protection attitude. Therefore, the conclusion of this study was beneficial to supplement the theoretical achievements of water environmental protection behavior and provided theoretical basis for guiding wetland park tourists to implement water environmental protection behavior.
2021, 42(3): 47-52.
doi: 10.12172/202010200001
Abstract:
Based on the general survey of forest pests in Nanchong city from 2014 to 2017, the total area of forest pests in Nanchong city was 89 140 hm2, the area of pest occurrence was 65 320 hm2, the area of disease occurrence was 20 560 hm2, and the area of harmful plants was 3260 hm2. In this survey, the species, hostplants, occurrence area, and specific distribution of forest pests in Nanchong city were investigated in detail. 33 kinds of main forest pests were found, including 19 kinds of pests, 12 kinds of diseases and 2 kinds of harmful plants, which provided important guidance for the prediction and control of forest pests.
Based on the general survey of forest pests in Nanchong city from 2014 to 2017, the total area of forest pests in Nanchong city was 89 140 hm2, the area of pest occurrence was 65 320 hm2, the area of disease occurrence was 20 560 hm2, and the area of harmful plants was 3260 hm2. In this survey, the species, hostplants, occurrence area, and specific distribution of forest pests in Nanchong city were investigated in detail. 33 kinds of main forest pests were found, including 19 kinds of pests, 12 kinds of diseases and 2 kinds of harmful plants, which provided important guidance for the prediction and control of forest pests.
2021, 42(3): 53-58.
doi: 10.12172/202004290001
Abstract:
In this study, a comprehensive investigation was carried out in Yanbian county, and which is located in the lower reaches of Yalongjing river basin, with high mountains and deep valleys, rugged terrain, complex and diverse climate and rich species. The results showed that there were 881 species of woody plants, belonging to 338 genera and 99 families, including 6 national key wild protected plants and 485 evergreen broad-leaved species, accounting for 55.05% of the total species. The flora had diverse geographical elements and complex composition of families and genera, with 49 families and 69 genera distributed in the pantropical zone, accounting for 49.50% of the total families and 20.41% of the total genera, followed by 18 families and 47 genera distributed in the north temperate zone, accounting for 18.18% of the total families and 13.91% of the total genera. In addition, the vegetation had the vertical distribution characteristics of sparse shrubs, evergreen broad-leaved forest, subalpine coniferous forest and alpine shrubs.
In this study, a comprehensive investigation was carried out in Yanbian county, and which is located in the lower reaches of Yalongjing river basin, with high mountains and deep valleys, rugged terrain, complex and diverse climate and rich species. The results showed that there were 881 species of woody plants, belonging to 338 genera and 99 families, including 6 national key wild protected plants and 485 evergreen broad-leaved species, accounting for 55.05% of the total species. The flora had diverse geographical elements and complex composition of families and genera, with 49 families and 69 genera distributed in the pantropical zone, accounting for 49.50% of the total families and 20.41% of the total genera, followed by 18 families and 47 genera distributed in the north temperate zone, accounting for 18.18% of the total families and 13.91% of the total genera. In addition, the vegetation had the vertical distribution characteristics of sparse shrubs, evergreen broad-leaved forest, subalpine coniferous forest and alpine shrubs.
2021, 42(3): 59-63.
doi: 10.12172/202011100001
Abstract:
Nitrogen preserving agent is a kind of natural fixative that can control and improve the quality of compost. A 35 day aerobic composting experiment was conducted with chopped Alternanthera philoxeroides as raw materials, ferrous sulfate, sodium humate and calcium superphosphate as nitrogen preserving agents, in order to study the effects of nitrogen preserving agent on the composting process and nitrogen loss of Alternanthera philoxeroides. The physical and chemical properties, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of the compost were monitored. The results showed that: during the high temperature period of compost, the composting temperature of nitrogen preserving agent treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and the effect of ferrous sulfate treatment was the most obvious, which was more conducive to persistence of high temperature period. At the beginning of composting, the pH of compost decreased greatly in the group added with nitrogen retaining agent, and then the pH of the heap treated with nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of the control. After composting, the organic carbon and total nitrogen content of each experimental group showed a downward trend as a whole. Compared with the original material, the organic carbon content of each group decreased by 62.76%, 56.66%, 47.37%, 44.45% and 54.87%, respectively. Among the nitrogen preserving agents, the organic carbon content of the treatment group with humic acid decreased the most and the reaction speed was the fastest. The total nitrogen content of each group was decreased by 36.65%, 27.16%, 17.36%, 17.55% and 12.63%, respectively. The total nitrogen content of adding nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of aerobic bacteria and control group. The total nitrogen content of humic acid group was the highest, and the total phosphorus content of each group increased by 58.45%, 52.91%, 38.40%, 32.95% and 34.86%, respectively. The total potassium content was 2.00 times, 1.88 times, 1.29 times, 1.26 times, 1.15 times of the original materials respectively. The results indicated that the addition of superphosphate, ferrous sulfate and humic acid in the composting process of Alternanthera philoxeroides could accelerate the start-up speed, shorten the composting time and reduce ammonia volatilization. In summary, humic acid treatment was the best among the three nitrogen preserving agents.
Nitrogen preserving agent is a kind of natural fixative that can control and improve the quality of compost. A 35 day aerobic composting experiment was conducted with chopped Alternanthera philoxeroides as raw materials, ferrous sulfate, sodium humate and calcium superphosphate as nitrogen preserving agents, in order to study the effects of nitrogen preserving agent on the composting process and nitrogen loss of Alternanthera philoxeroides. The physical and chemical properties, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of the compost were monitored. The results showed that: during the high temperature period of compost, the composting temperature of nitrogen preserving agent treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and the effect of ferrous sulfate treatment was the most obvious, which was more conducive to persistence of high temperature period. At the beginning of composting, the pH of compost decreased greatly in the group added with nitrogen retaining agent, and then the pH of the heap treated with nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of the control. After composting, the organic carbon and total nitrogen content of each experimental group showed a downward trend as a whole. Compared with the original material, the organic carbon content of each group decreased by 62.76%, 56.66%, 47.37%, 44.45% and 54.87%, respectively. Among the nitrogen preserving agents, the organic carbon content of the treatment group with humic acid decreased the most and the reaction speed was the fastest. The total nitrogen content of each group was decreased by 36.65%, 27.16%, 17.36%, 17.55% and 12.63%, respectively. The total nitrogen content of adding nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of aerobic bacteria and control group. The total nitrogen content of humic acid group was the highest, and the total phosphorus content of each group increased by 58.45%, 52.91%, 38.40%, 32.95% and 34.86%, respectively. The total potassium content was 2.00 times, 1.88 times, 1.29 times, 1.26 times, 1.15 times of the original materials respectively. The results indicated that the addition of superphosphate, ferrous sulfate and humic acid in the composting process of Alternanthera philoxeroides could accelerate the start-up speed, shorten the composting time and reduce ammonia volatilization. In summary, humic acid treatment was the best among the three nitrogen preserving agents.
2021, 42(3): 64-68.
doi: 10.12172/202101140001
Abstract:
According to the observation of floral biological and ecological characteristics, seed character detection, sowing and seedling raising experiments of Terminalia franchetii in different seasons and container seedling cultivation results in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river, the results indicated that the “intensively blooming pattern” of Terminalia franchetii in the dry-hot valley is necessary for its adaptation to the dry-hot valley environment to achieve reproductive success, but it was also an important reason for its low seed plumpness and high abortion rate. The seedling establishment rate of Terminalia franchetii in spring and autumn was 11.2% and 10.9% respectively, which were basically sufficient for productive seedlings under existing conditions. The 4-month-old seedling height of spring sowing seed seedling could reach 81.6% of the 9-month-old seedling height of autumn sown seed seedlings, which indicating that spring sowing was more suitable for productive cultivation of Terminalia franchetii seedlings.
According to the observation of floral biological and ecological characteristics, seed character detection, sowing and seedling raising experiments of Terminalia franchetii in different seasons and container seedling cultivation results in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river, the results indicated that the “intensively blooming pattern” of Terminalia franchetii in the dry-hot valley is necessary for its adaptation to the dry-hot valley environment to achieve reproductive success, but it was also an important reason for its low seed plumpness and high abortion rate. The seedling establishment rate of Terminalia franchetii in spring and autumn was 11.2% and 10.9% respectively, which were basically sufficient for productive seedlings under existing conditions. The 4-month-old seedling height of spring sowing seed seedling could reach 81.6% of the 9-month-old seedling height of autumn sown seed seedlings, which indicating that spring sowing was more suitable for productive cultivation of Terminalia franchetii seedlings.
2021, 42(3): 69-73.
doi: 10.12172/202010190004
Abstract:
The growth performance of middle-aged Alnus cremastogyne was studied, which could provide reference for superior provenances or families selection and genetic improvement of A. cremastogyne. The growth traits of 98 families from 18 provenances of 7-year-old A. cremastogyne were investigated, and the superior provenances and families were selected according to the analysis of genetic variation. The results showed that there were significant and extremely significant difference of growth traits among provenances and families. The phenotypic variation coefficient and genetic variation coefficient were 0.175−0.303 and 0.033−0.369, respectively. The provenance repeatability and family heritability of growth traits were 0.775−0.836 and 0.828−0.867, respectively. Two superior provenances and eight families were selected through comprehensive index method according to the growth traits of tree height, DBH, crown width, and clear bole height. The average genetic gains of tree height, DBH, crown width, and clear bole height of superior provenances were 4.60%, 7.23%, 5.28%, and 14.87%, respectively, while those of superior families were 9.31%, 13.73%, 18.24%, and 28.75%, respectively. The middle-aged A. cremastogyne exhibited a higher selection potential among provenances or families, which would enhance the genetic improvement effects. The selected superior provenances and families were the important propagation materials for short-rotation industrial raw material forest, genetic improvement, and the follow-up research.
The growth performance of middle-aged Alnus cremastogyne was studied, which could provide reference for superior provenances or families selection and genetic improvement of A. cremastogyne. The growth traits of 98 families from 18 provenances of 7-year-old A. cremastogyne were investigated, and the superior provenances and families were selected according to the analysis of genetic variation. The results showed that there were significant and extremely significant difference of growth traits among provenances and families. The phenotypic variation coefficient and genetic variation coefficient were 0.175−0.303 and 0.033−0.369, respectively. The provenance repeatability and family heritability of growth traits were 0.775−0.836 and 0.828−0.867, respectively. Two superior provenances and eight families were selected through comprehensive index method according to the growth traits of tree height, DBH, crown width, and clear bole height. The average genetic gains of tree height, DBH, crown width, and clear bole height of superior provenances were 4.60%, 7.23%, 5.28%, and 14.87%, respectively, while those of superior families were 9.31%, 13.73%, 18.24%, and 28.75%, respectively. The middle-aged A. cremastogyne exhibited a higher selection potential among provenances or families, which would enhance the genetic improvement effects. The selected superior provenances and families were the important propagation materials for short-rotation industrial raw material forest, genetic improvement, and the follow-up research.
2021, 42(3): 74-83.
doi: 10.12172/202103310001
Abstract:
In order to select excellent families of Toona sinensis suitable for Qinba mountain areas and provide good varieties for afforestation of fast-growing precious timber species in this area. The random block design was used to compare the afforestation of Toona sinensis families from 4 provinces and 10 regions in Wangcang county of Qinba mountain areas. Through the analysis and comparison of 3-year-old DBH, tree height and individual volume from different families, the early selection of excellent families was carried out. The results of afforestation for 3 years showed that the average DBH, tree height and individual timber score of 34 half-sib families were 4.81 cm, 4.30 m and 0.005 m3 respectively, and the coefficient of variation was 22.43%, 21.36% and 55.78% respectively, with significant differences among different families. Three early excellent families, Pengxi 22, Pengxi 25 and Hongya 9, were preliminarily selected, and the selection rate was 8.82%. The mean values of DBH, tree height and individual volume were 6.10 cm, 5.23 m and 0.0087 m3, respectively. The selection differences were 1.29 cm, 0.93 m and 0.0037 m3, respectively. The genetic gains were 22.19%, 18.30% and 58.28%, respectively. The average annual growth of DBH and height of the three excellent families were 2.03 cm and 1.74 m respectively. They had low selection rate, great selection differences, obvious growth advantage and great genetic gain. Through further observation, they are very likely to become good varieties in Qinba mountain areas.
In order to select excellent families of Toona sinensis suitable for Qinba mountain areas and provide good varieties for afforestation of fast-growing precious timber species in this area. The random block design was used to compare the afforestation of Toona sinensis families from 4 provinces and 10 regions in Wangcang county of Qinba mountain areas. Through the analysis and comparison of 3-year-old DBH, tree height and individual volume from different families, the early selection of excellent families was carried out. The results of afforestation for 3 years showed that the average DBH, tree height and individual timber score of 34 half-sib families were 4.81 cm, 4.30 m and 0.005 m3 respectively, and the coefficient of variation was 22.43%, 21.36% and 55.78% respectively, with significant differences among different families. Three early excellent families, Pengxi 22, Pengxi 25 and Hongya 9, were preliminarily selected, and the selection rate was 8.82%. The mean values of DBH, tree height and individual volume were 6.10 cm, 5.23 m and 0.0087 m3, respectively. The selection differences were 1.29 cm, 0.93 m and 0.0037 m3, respectively. The genetic gains were 22.19%, 18.30% and 58.28%, respectively. The average annual growth of DBH and height of the three excellent families were 2.03 cm and 1.74 m respectively. They had low selection rate, great selection differences, obvious growth advantage and great genetic gain. Through further observation, they are very likely to become good varieties in Qinba mountain areas.
2021, 42(3): 84-88.
doi: 10.12172/202011290001
Abstract:
In order to explore the suitable growth model of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings under the Phoebe forest in hilly areas of central Sichuan, the survival and growth of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings under the forest were studied using pine needle earth and shading methods. The results showed that: (1) The survival rate of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings was significantly improved after half a year of soil improvement with pine needle earth. After one year of soil improvement, the main growth traits of Bletilla striata were all higher than those of the original soil, and the best way was adding 60 kg/m2 pine needle earth. (2) From the end of June to the beginning of October, shading treatment was beneficial for the normal growth of Bletilla striata in forest gaps, among which the shade net with 1.5 m horizontal hanging height and 60% shading rate was the best, and the seedling height, average leaf number and average pseudobulb diameter were significantly higher than those of arched shed shading and control.
In order to explore the suitable growth model of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings under the Phoebe forest in hilly areas of central Sichuan, the survival and growth of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings under the forest were studied using pine needle earth and shading methods. The results showed that: (1) The survival rate of Bletilla striata tissue culture seedlings was significantly improved after half a year of soil improvement with pine needle earth. After one year of soil improvement, the main growth traits of Bletilla striata were all higher than those of the original soil, and the best way was adding 60 kg/m2 pine needle earth. (2) From the end of June to the beginning of October, shading treatment was beneficial for the normal growth of Bletilla striata in forest gaps, among which the shade net with 1.5 m horizontal hanging height and 60% shading rate was the best, and the seedling height, average leaf number and average pseudobulb diameter were significantly higher than those of arched shed shading and control.
2021, 42(3): 89-93.
doi: 10.12172/202010140001
Abstract:
In order to explore the ecological and healthy methods of grass control in Chinese prickly ash orchard, two new weeding methods, weeding cloth mulching and mechanical weeding were designed. Compared with the conventional management, the effects of grass control, soil nutrients, soil moisture and the economic benefits of three methods of grass control were analyzed. The results showed that the best control effect was achieved by weeding cloth mulching method, for which the growth of weeds in the Chinese prickly ash orchard could be effectively controlled. The three methods of grass control had different control effects on main weeds. Weeding cloth mulching method had a significant effect on soil nutrients. From the analysis of cost input and output benefit, the investment in weeding cloth mulching method was the lowest, and output effect was the highest. Conclusion: from the point view of green, safety and economy, weeding cloth mulching method was the most suitable way to control grass in Chinese prickly ash orchard.
In order to explore the ecological and healthy methods of grass control in Chinese prickly ash orchard, two new weeding methods, weeding cloth mulching and mechanical weeding were designed. Compared with the conventional management, the effects of grass control, soil nutrients, soil moisture and the economic benefits of three methods of grass control were analyzed. The results showed that the best control effect was achieved by weeding cloth mulching method, for which the growth of weeds in the Chinese prickly ash orchard could be effectively controlled. The three methods of grass control had different control effects on main weeds. Weeding cloth mulching method had a significant effect on soil nutrients. From the analysis of cost input and output benefit, the investment in weeding cloth mulching method was the lowest, and output effect was the highest. Conclusion: from the point view of green, safety and economy, weeding cloth mulching method was the most suitable way to control grass in Chinese prickly ash orchard.
2021, 42(3): 94-101.
doi: 10.12172/202010270001
Abstract:
Ecological restoration after fire disturbance is an important research theme of restoration ecology in the 21st century. As an integral component of forest ecosystems, it is necessary to study soil microbes after fire disturbance. Based on the comprehensive analysis of existing literature on forest soil microbes after fire, the results show that soil microbial activity, community composition changes and main factors affecting fire interference intensity under different fire intensities and maintenance times are the main study topics of existing research. However, there are still controversies on the recovery time, diversity changes, and succession laws of soil microbial communities after fire, and the importance of soil microbial research under fire disturbance has not been paid enough attention. According to comprehensive application of existing microbial research technologies and continuous improvement and innovation, future research should adopt the combination of field surveys and field simulation control experiments to carry out forest soil microbial research under fire disturbance at multiple levels such as populations, communities, and ecosystems. In order to enrich the theory of fire ecology and guide the recovery practice of the ecosystem after fire, research should focus on the study of the relationship between underground and aboveground ecosystems, analyze the changing laws and succession mechanisms of soil microorganisms, determine the functional groups in soil microbial restoration after fire and the role of functional groups in the process of post-fire restoration, compare the changing laws of soil microbes under different fire disturbance and restoration methods.
Ecological restoration after fire disturbance is an important research theme of restoration ecology in the 21st century. As an integral component of forest ecosystems, it is necessary to study soil microbes after fire disturbance. Based on the comprehensive analysis of existing literature on forest soil microbes after fire, the results show that soil microbial activity, community composition changes and main factors affecting fire interference intensity under different fire intensities and maintenance times are the main study topics of existing research. However, there are still controversies on the recovery time, diversity changes, and succession laws of soil microbial communities after fire, and the importance of soil microbial research under fire disturbance has not been paid enough attention. According to comprehensive application of existing microbial research technologies and continuous improvement and innovation, future research should adopt the combination of field surveys and field simulation control experiments to carry out forest soil microbial research under fire disturbance at multiple levels such as populations, communities, and ecosystems. In order to enrich the theory of fire ecology and guide the recovery practice of the ecosystem after fire, research should focus on the study of the relationship between underground and aboveground ecosystems, analyze the changing laws and succession mechanisms of soil microorganisms, determine the functional groups in soil microbial restoration after fire and the role of functional groups in the process of post-fire restoration, compare the changing laws of soil microbes under different fire disturbance and restoration methods.
2021, 42(3): 102-106.
doi: 10.12172/202009140002
Abstract:
The resin-rich wood without deresination process will result in the exudation of resin, which will affect the painting performance of wood products. So it is important to remove resin in the wood industry. Through comparative analysis of the deresination methods, the results show that: (1) At present, the most studied deresination methods are high-temperature steaming method and alkaline liquor method, the former is more mature and the latter has higher degreasing rate; (2) Pinus massoniana and Larix gmelini are the most studied tree species, while cypress degreasing research is rare. According to the available research foundation of deresination technology and structural characteristics of cypress, some suggestions are put forward for providing reference for cypress deresination research.
The resin-rich wood without deresination process will result in the exudation of resin, which will affect the painting performance of wood products. So it is important to remove resin in the wood industry. Through comparative analysis of the deresination methods, the results show that: (1) At present, the most studied deresination methods are high-temperature steaming method and alkaline liquor method, the former is more mature and the latter has higher degreasing rate; (2) Pinus massoniana and Larix gmelini are the most studied tree species, while cypress degreasing research is rare. According to the available research foundation of deresination technology and structural characteristics of cypress, some suggestions are put forward for providing reference for cypress deresination research.
2021, 42(3): 107-110.
doi: 10.12172/202010270003
Abstract:
During the forestry pest investigation in Luzhou city, Sichuan province, a rare nesting behavior of mud wasp (Apodynerys formosenes) was firstly discovered, which overturned the previous record and cognition of nest-building behavior of mud wasps. In this nesting behavior, the material used for the nest building was not the common soil, but the resin was secreted from the wounded pines. A single resin nest was cylindrical in shape, with an inner diameter of 10 mm, an outer diameter of 16 mm and a length of about 15 mm. It was formed with many little resin balls processed by mud wasp, and the diameter of the resin balls is 0.5-1 mm. The nest was delicate in appearance, ingenious in structure, milky white and semitransparent. Moreover, there was a mud wasp which was about to mature in the resin nest, which showed that the function of the resin nest was completely consistent with that of the common mud wasps. The newly discovery resin nesting behavior of the mud wasps, fully reflected the survival wisdom of Apodynerys formosenes and the ingenious utilization of environmental resources, and greatly enriched the cognition of the living habits of this type of insects.
During the forestry pest investigation in Luzhou city, Sichuan province, a rare nesting behavior of mud wasp (Apodynerys formosenes) was firstly discovered, which overturned the previous record and cognition of nest-building behavior of mud wasps. In this nesting behavior, the material used for the nest building was not the common soil, but the resin was secreted from the wounded pines. A single resin nest was cylindrical in shape, with an inner diameter of 10 mm, an outer diameter of 16 mm and a length of about 15 mm. It was formed with many little resin balls processed by mud wasp, and the diameter of the resin balls is 0.5-1 mm. The nest was delicate in appearance, ingenious in structure, milky white and semitransparent. Moreover, there was a mud wasp which was about to mature in the resin nest, which showed that the function of the resin nest was completely consistent with that of the common mud wasps. The newly discovery resin nesting behavior of the mud wasps, fully reflected the survival wisdom of Apodynerys formosenes and the ingenious utilization of environmental resources, and greatly enriched the cognition of the living habits of this type of insects.
2021, 42(3): 111-119.
doi: 10.12172/202012060001
Abstract:
In the face of a series of global ecological and environmental problems, how to correctly understand and utilize the soil and water conservation function of forest vegetation has become an important topic, and the soil and water conservation effect of litter has attracted wide attention from scholars and research institutions all over the world. Based on the core complete database of Web of Science and CNKI database, GiteSpace software was used to analyze the international and domestic research literature on litter soil and water conservation effect, aiming to clarify the research overview, analyze the discipline and knowledge structure, and explore the research hotspots, frontiers and trends. The research findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the number of research papers about litter soil and water conservation effect showed a steady growth trend. In recent ten years, the number of papers published reached 1546, accounting for 66.7% of the total number of papers published. The United States led the world in the field of litter soil and water conservation effect research, with the highest number of publications and the intermediary centrality of international cooperation, while China ranked the second in the number of publications, but the international cooperation and influence were weak. (2) In the early stage of development, the knowledge base of litter soil and water conservation effect mainly involved the "carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)", "model corresponding analysis", "micro perspective", "biological diversity", "Mediterranean forest", and so on, which had formed influential achievements in "pH" clustering. In the second stage of development, it mainly focused on "ecological stoichiometric" clustering, and formed Cornwell's paper on the decisive factors of litter decomposition rate in the world, which became a landmark in the field of research. (3) The research process of litter soil and water conservation effect was roughly divided into three stages, such as starting, developing, comprehensively improving. From 2017, the global climate problems caused by land use and vegetation degradation had become the latest research frontier, and the strong emergent effect continued, which should be the main research trend and direction in the future. (4) The domestic research on the effects of soil and water conservation of litter has not formed a relatively prominent focus and obvious development trend, and the research contents mainly focused on relative basic research levels such as "water holding capacity", "canopy interception", "plantation".
In the face of a series of global ecological and environmental problems, how to correctly understand and utilize the soil and water conservation function of forest vegetation has become an important topic, and the soil and water conservation effect of litter has attracted wide attention from scholars and research institutions all over the world. Based on the core complete database of Web of Science and CNKI database, GiteSpace software was used to analyze the international and domestic research literature on litter soil and water conservation effect, aiming to clarify the research overview, analyze the discipline and knowledge structure, and explore the research hotspots, frontiers and trends. The research findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the number of research papers about litter soil and water conservation effect showed a steady growth trend. In recent ten years, the number of papers published reached 1546, accounting for 66.7% of the total number of papers published. The United States led the world in the field of litter soil and water conservation effect research, with the highest number of publications and the intermediary centrality of international cooperation, while China ranked the second in the number of publications, but the international cooperation and influence were weak. (2) In the early stage of development, the knowledge base of litter soil and water conservation effect mainly involved the "carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)", "model corresponding analysis", "micro perspective", "biological diversity", "Mediterranean forest", and so on, which had formed influential achievements in "pH" clustering. In the second stage of development, it mainly focused on "ecological stoichiometric" clustering, and formed Cornwell's paper on the decisive factors of litter decomposition rate in the world, which became a landmark in the field of research. (3) The research process of litter soil and water conservation effect was roughly divided into three stages, such as starting, developing, comprehensively improving. From 2017, the global climate problems caused by land use and vegetation degradation had become the latest research frontier, and the strong emergent effect continued, which should be the main research trend and direction in the future. (4) The domestic research on the effects of soil and water conservation of litter has not formed a relatively prominent focus and obvious development trend, and the research contents mainly focused on relative basic research levels such as "water holding capacity", "canopy interception", "plantation".
2021, 42(3): 120-125.
doi: 10.12172/202009300001
Abstract:
As a new eco-economic development model, the development of forest health and wellness tourism is constrained by many factors such as public cognition, market positioning of operators, and product supply. Selecting typical forest health and wellness base in Sichuan province, combined with field investigation, questionnaire survey and other methods, this study analyzed the tourists' forest health and wellness needs and subjective attitudes, explored the market positioning and product development methods of operators, and provided references for promoting industrial development. The results showed that: (1) Tourists generally cared about their own physical health and paid attention to the quality of life; (2) More than half of the tourists had a vague understanding of forest health and wellness tourism, but they had a strong willingness to travel and with diverse motivational needs, and paid more attention to the infrastructure and transportation convenience of the destination.
As a new eco-economic development model, the development of forest health and wellness tourism is constrained by many factors such as public cognition, market positioning of operators, and product supply. Selecting typical forest health and wellness base in Sichuan province, combined with field investigation, questionnaire survey and other methods, this study analyzed the tourists' forest health and wellness needs and subjective attitudes, explored the market positioning and product development methods of operators, and provided references for promoting industrial development. The results showed that: (1) Tourists generally cared about their own physical health and paid attention to the quality of life; (2) More than half of the tourists had a vague understanding of forest health and wellness tourism, but they had a strong willingness to travel and with diverse motivational needs, and paid more attention to the infrastructure and transportation convenience of the destination.
2021, 42(3): 126-131.
doi: 10.12172/202010070001
Abstract:
In this study, sixteen samples of Gymnadenia conopsea were collected, and the fingerprints of Gymnadenia conopsea were established using 1H-NMR metabonomics technology. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and other chemometrics methods, the differences of primary and secondary metabolites of Gymnadenia conopsea from different regions were systematically analyzed at metabolome level, and the quality of Gymnadenia conopsea from different regions was entirely evaluated. By comparison, the results indicated that GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, GC-4, GC-5, GC-6, GC-7, GC-8, GC-9 and GC-10 had higher quality, and the established 1H-NMR spectrum provided a new technical method for the quality control and evaluation of Gymnadenia conopsea. The results provide reference for the cultivation, breeding, quality control development and utilization of Gymnadenia conopsea.
In this study, sixteen samples of Gymnadenia conopsea were collected, and the fingerprints of Gymnadenia conopsea were established using 1H-NMR metabonomics technology. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and other chemometrics methods, the differences of primary and secondary metabolites of Gymnadenia conopsea from different regions were systematically analyzed at metabolome level, and the quality of Gymnadenia conopsea from different regions was entirely evaluated. By comparison, the results indicated that GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, GC-4, GC-5, GC-6, GC-7, GC-8, GC-9 and GC-10 had higher quality, and the established 1H-NMR spectrum provided a new technical method for the quality control and evaluation of Gymnadenia conopsea. The results provide reference for the cultivation, breeding, quality control development and utilization of Gymnadenia conopsea.
2021, 42(3): 132-134.
doi: 10.12172/202010280002
Abstract:
In this paper, Prosopocoilus suprebus Bomans, 1971 (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) is newly recorded from China. The main diagnostic characters of this species are introduced. The external morphological differences between this species and its allied species, P. spineus Didier, 1927 and P. wuchaoi Huang & Chen, 2017, are compared in detail, and the colour plates of the three species are provided.
In this paper, Prosopocoilus suprebus Bomans, 1971 (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) is newly recorded from China. The main diagnostic characters of this species are introduced. The external morphological differences between this species and its allied species, P. spineus Didier, 1927 and P. wuchaoi Huang & Chen, 2017, are compared in detail, and the colour plates of the three species are provided.
