Abstract: In order to understand the main qualities of ‘Rongchang Thornless’, the new variety of Zanthoxylum, the volatile substances were studied for fresh green fruits and mature fruits from Zanthoxylum planting base in Rongchang.The results showed that there were 43 and 48 kinds of volatile substances,respectively in green fruits and mature fruits of ‘Rongchang Thornless’. The number of volatile substances was 30 and 44 respectively in green fruits and mature fruits of ‘Jiuyeqing’.The top 5 volatile substances of high content were D-limonene, sabinene, linalool, myrcene and β-phellandrene. The content of volatile oil was as high as 1.37 mL·100 g^-1 and 2.10 mL·100 g^-1 in green and mature fruits of ‘Rongchang Thornless’, however, the number was 1.8 mL·100 g^-1 and 2.67 mL·100 g^-1 in ‘Jiuyeqing’,which were all better than the national standard of 0.9 mL·100 g^-1.The ash content was 1.90% and 2.15% in green fruits and mature fruits of ‘Rongchang Thornless’ 2.56% and 2.90% in ‘Jiuyeqing’ which were all under 3%, better than the first grade standard of national standard.