Abstract: National Nature Reserves are important carriers for promoting ecological civilization, extablishing national ecological security and building a beautiful China. In order to provide an example for the protection of ecological environment and the rational use of natural resources, the Micangshan National Nature Reserve(hereinafter referred to as Micangshan Reserve) was taken as the research area, and two issues of remote sensing data acquired in 2016 and 2017 were used to delineate cultivated land, construction land, unused land (artificial factors) and forestland, grassland, water wetland (natural factors) in ArcGIS by means of human-computer Interactive Interpretation to monitor the status of land use/coverage in the nature reserves and analyze the ecological environment changes and their driving forces. The results showed that the conversion trend of land use/coverage types was from artificial factors to natural factors in 2016 to 2017, and the main type was from cultivated land to forest land. By selecting the strata lithology, terrain slope, water resource factors, climate precipitation which were closely related to the ecological environment and human factors, the changes of eco-environment in Micangshan Reserve were the result of the interaction of natural and human factors. The policy-driven population reduction was the direct cause. The results also provided an important basis for the eco-environmental protection work of the relevant regulatory departments of the protected areas.