Abstract: The soil microbe is an important component of soil ecosystem,and also is an important component of the forest ecosystem,and an important participant of the forest ecological restoration and rehabilitation. In this paper,a description is given of advances in reasearches on effects of environmental factors on soil microbes,including effects and rules of vegetation, climate,soil organic matter and soil fertility. In addition,summary discussion is made on the current main methods in the study of soil microbial diversity and the developing direction of soil microbial research and use in the future.