Abstract: In order to explore the temporal and spatial changes of NPP and the relationship with climate in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle, based on the NPP data of MOD17A3 product, the evolution trend of vegetation NPP in 2001-2020 was simulated by one-dimensional linear regression model, and the change characteristics of vegetation NPP were analyzed. Combined with the meteorological data interpolated by ANUSPLIN, the impact of climate change on vegetation NPP changes in the study area was quantitatively analyzed by correlation analysis. The research resluts showed that: (1) The overall NPP of vegetation in the study area showed a slow growth trend, with a growth rate of 7.53 g C·m⁻²_· a⁻¹. Meanwhile, the mean distribution of NPP of vegetation showed a spatial pattern of high around and low in the middle. (2) There was spatial heterogeneity in the effects of climate factors on the changes of vegetation NPP in the study area. The negative correlation between air temperature and NPP was obvious in some areas of Meishan City, Leshan City, Ya’an City, Qianjiang District and Pengshui County of Chongqing City, and the positive correlation was widely distributed in the central and eastern part of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. The positive correlation between precipitation and vegetation NPP accounted for 92.46% of the total area. (3) The study area was mainly affected by non-climate factors, accounting for 86.87% of the total area, indicating that human activities had a more and more intense impact on vegetation NPP changes, and the study of human effects should be the focus of ecological restoration in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration.