Abstract: Aralia chinensis is a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal wild herb with high nutritional value and health care function, which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and many other diseases. Because the market demand is constantly increasing, but at present, Aralia chinensis resources are declining year by year, so it is impossible to meet the market demand only by natural renewal alone. So, it is more and more important to select excellent Aralia chinensis provenance and strengthen good breeding research. Therefore, it is necessary to study the morphological differences of Aralia chinensis seeds, select excellent seeds and provide alternative provenances for Aralia chinensis planting. The seeds of Aralia chinensis from Kangding, Luding, Ganzhou red Aralia chinensis, Ganzhou black Aralia chinensis and Harbin provenances were used as research objects, and the index of seed appearance, 1000-seed weight, seed purity, seed empty seed rate and seed viability of different provenances were determined. There were significant differences in seed size, 1000-seed weight, seed purity, empty seed rate and seed viability among different provenances (P < 0.05). The maximum seed length was C4, 3.45mm, the minimum was C5, 1.92mm, and the maximum coefficient of variation was C1, 13.21%, and the minimum was C4, 5.72%. The maximum width was C4, 2.29mm, the minimum was C3, 1.37mm, and the maximum width variation coefficient was C3, 11.67%, the minimum was C4, 6.15%. The maximum seed thickness was C2 (1.05mm), the minimum was C4 (0.56mm), and the maximum seed thickness variation coefficient was C5 (12.71%), the minimum was C2 (8.65%). The 1000-seed weight ranged from 1.01 to 2.87g, among which C4 seeds had the largest 1000-seed weight (2.87g) and C5 seeds had the smallest 1000-seed weight (1.01g). The purity of seeds ranged from 82.33 to 100%, among which the purity of C3, C4 and C5 seeds commercially sold in the market reached 100%, while the purity of C1 seeds was the smallest with a value of 82.33%. The seed empty rate of C4 was the smallest (5.33%), and the highest was C2 (34.33%). The seed viability ranged from 53.33% to 94.00%, among which C3 seeds had the highest viability (94%) and C2 seeds had the lowest viability (53.33%). Based on the comprehensive analysis, the seed traits of the same species from different geographical locations were quite different. Jiangxi black Aralia chinensis showed good characteristics in the overall index measurement. After comparison, it was found that there were obvious differences in appearance between the local seeds and other seeds (P < 0.05), and the plumpness and 1000-seed weight of seeds were also higher than those of other provenances.