Abstract: Soil microorganisms are a very important component of forest ecosystem. A large number of studies have shown that the function, structure and soil fertility of ecosystem are directly affected by soil microorganisms. In this paper, the research progress of soil microbial diversity was summarized by reviewing, sorting and summarizing relevant literature. At present, the research on soil microbial diversity mainly focuses on species, heredity, structure and function. The influence factors are also analyzed from the micro point of view. The natural factors mainly involve water, soil pH value, soil temperature and vegetation, and the human factors mainly involve planting system and fertilization.