Abstract: Fire is a common disturbance for forest ecosystem, and soil microorganisms are an important part of forest ecosystem. The restoration of soil microorganisms after fire disturbance directly impacts the restoration of the whole aboveground ecosystem. However, the research about immediate recovery ability of soil microorganism after fire and the dynamic changes of microbial community in different soil layers are still lacking. In order to analyze the immediate recovery ability and dynamic changes of soil nematode-trapping fungi community after fire in different soil layers, the Pinus yunnanensis forest which was burned 40 days ago were selected as the study area, and the adjacent unburned area as the control. Soil samples were collected from different layers (0~10 cm, 10~20 cm, 20~30 cm). The nematode-trapping fungi were isolated by traditional cultural method, and the strains were identified by morphological and molecular techniques. The immediate recovery ability of nematode-trapping fungi community after fire and the role of nematode-trapping fungi in community recovery in different soil layers were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The biomass of nematode-trapping fungi recovered rapidly after 40 days of fire disturbance, but the community diversity decreased significantly; (2) Genus Dactylellina might be the key group for nematode-trapping fungi recovery after fire disturbance; (3) Nematode-trapping fungi distributed in the subsoil may be the key biological factor driving the rapid recovery of soil nematode-trapping fungi community, which played an important role in the restoration of soil microbial community after fire.