Abstract: Based on field investigation, specimen collection, community interview and literature review, the diversity and conservation of Orchidaceae plants in Wolong Nature Reserve were studied. The results showed that there were 74 species belonging to 32 genera of Orchidaceae Plants in the reserve, of which 6 species were newly recorded, including Neottianthe calcicola, Oreorchis foliosa, Oreorchis oligantha, Calanthe arcuata, Cypripedium margaritaceum, and Cypripedium micranthum. According to the life-form, terrestrial orchids were dominant with 90.5%, saprophytic orchid (6.7%) and epiphytic orchid (2.8%) were less. The geographical composition of genera were divided into 10 types and 2 variants, with dominant distributed in temperate zone (60%), of which North Temperate were dominant with 23%, accounting for 44% of the total genus of temperate components. The main threaten factors of Orchidaceae included grazing, gathering, tourism, infrastructure construction, etc. The species of medicinal plants such as Gymnadenia orchidis, Gymnadenia conopsea and gastrodia elata and ornamental plants such as Cybidium ensifolium, Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi were most affected. In addition, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward according to the conservation status of Orchidaceae in the reserve.