Abstract: A preliminary investigation on the arid valley of the Bailong River showed that there were 173 species of shrubs and herbs in this area, among which 130 species were shrub plants belonging to 93 genera and 55 families. The largest number of species belonged to the Rosaceae with a total of 19 species, accounting for 14.6% of all shrub species in arid valleys. There were 43 species of herbs, belonging to 37 genera and 21 families, of which 10 species belonged to Compositae, accounting for 25.6% of all herbs. The main ecological vegetation in the arid valley of the Bailong River was shrub, the number of shrub species was 3.02 times that of herbaceous plants. The sum of the important values of the first 18 species of main shrubs accounted for 70.87% of the sum of the important values. The main dominant species were Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, Leptodermis potanini, Lespedeza bicolor, Ziziphus jujube and Hedysarum multjugum. The species number and biodiversity index of different slope directions were also different. The species number of convex shrub was the highest, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index were the largest, Gleason index of the plane was the largest, and it was similar to herbaceous plants and shrubs. The number of species was most convex and plane. The number of shrub species was the most in the semi-cloudy and semi-sunny slope, accounting for 70.77% of the total species. The Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Margalef index were the largest in the semi-cloudy and semi-sunny slope, and only the Gleason index was the largest in the sunny slope.