Abstract: In this paper,studies were made of the social and economic benefits in the Defarming-and-afforestation Project in Chongqing by use of the method of qualitative analysis and quantitative evaluation since the project implementation. Through household survey and statistical study in 13 observed districts and counties,the result showed that after the implementation of the Defarming-and-afforessation Project, land structure was optimized and development of agricultural economy was stable; At the same time, the Project promoted transfer of the rural surplus laborers and increased the farmers' income continuously.