Abstract: Unveiling the trade-off relationship between ecosystem services (ESs) and basic public services (BPSs) and the characteristics of the impact of urbanization on them is of great significance for promoting sustainable development. Taking the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) as an example, the spatio-temporal changes of ESs and BPSs from 2011 to 2021 were quantitatively evaluated based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the trade-off relationship between the two was analyzed using the root mean square deviation (RMSD), and the intensity and direction of the impact of urbanization on their trade-off relationship was revealed through the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model. The results showed that: (1) Each ESs improved to varying degrees, and the spatial distribution of total ESs was unbalanced, showing a surrounding structure with high values around and low values in the middle; (2) All BPSs increased, and the high-value areas of total BPSs were always concentrated in the main urban area of Chengdu and Chongqing Yuzhong District, showing a dual-core structure; (3) The trade-off intensity between ESs and BPSs increased, showing a spatial feature of high values on the periphery and low values in the middle, with obvious high values in the main urban area of Chengdu and Chongqing Yuzhong District, and the imbalance between BPSs and ESs persist; (4) In terms of impact intensity, the improvement of population urbanization had the most significant impact on the ESs-BPSs trade-offs. In terms of impact direction, the improvement of economic urbanization, population urbanization, and comprehensive urbanization showed a mitigating effect on the ESs-BPSs trade-off, while the improvement of land urbanization showed an aggravating effect. The research results can provide reference for the government to formulate sustainable development policies.