Abstract: Taking the Chinese fir forest planted with Polygonatum cyrtonema and Bletilla striata for 4 years in the southwest of Zhejiang Province as the research object, the changes of litter and soil water conservation capacity were compared and analyzed, which provided reference basis for the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines in forest and the sustainable forest management, and promoted the construction of four forest banks. The results showed that the litter storage and litter water conservation capacity of Chinese fir forest planted Polygonatum cyrtonema and Bletilla striata were significantly decreased, separately reduced by 49.7%~51.5% (P＜0.05) and 15.1%~20.2% (P＜0.05) compared with the control (CK). The relationships between litter water conservation capacity, water conservation rate and soaking time were respectively in accordance with the logarithm function Q=a ln(t)+b and the power function V=a t^b, the R² values are all greater than 0.90. Soil bulk density decreased slightly, while non-capillary porosity and total porosity increased slightly. Compared with CK, soil bulk density decreased by 5.9%~9.3%, while non-capillary porosity and total porosity increased by 1.2%~12.4% and 4.0%~7.5% respectively. The maximum soil water conservation capacity increased by 4.7%~6.2%. In conclusion, the planting of Chinese herbal medicines in Chinese fir forest had a significant negative effect on the litter storage and litter water conservation capacity, while had a positive but not significant effect on the soil water conservation capacity, which requires long-term positioning monitoring.