Abstract: Took the Chinese fir forest planted with Polygonatum cyrtonema and Bletilla striata for 4 years later in the southwest of Zhejiang as the research object, the changes of litter and soil water conservation capacity was analyzed, to providing reference basis for planting Chinese herbal medicine under forest, sustainable forest management and four banks of forests construction. The results showed as follows: the litter reserves and litter water holding capacity of Chinese fir forest planted Polygonatum cyrtonema and Bletilla striata were significantly decreased, separately reduced by 49.7%~51.5% (P<0.05) and 15.1%~20.2% (P<0.05) compared with the control (CK). The relationships of litter water holding capacity, water holding rate and soaking time were respectively in accordance with the logarithm function y=a Ln(t)+b and the power function y=a tb, the correlation between y and t was significant (P<0.05). The soil bulk density decreased slightly. and the non-capillary porosity and total porosity increased slightly. Compared with the control (CK), the soil bulk density decreased by 5. 9%~9.3%, the non-capillary porosity and total porosity respectively increased by 1.2%~12.4% and 4.0%~7.5%. The maximum water holding capacity of soil increased by 4.7%~6.2%. In conclusion, the effects of Chinese herbal medicine under Chinese fir forest on the litter reserves and its water conservation capacity were significantly negative, while the effects on the soil water conservation capacity were positive but not significant. and positioning monitoring on a longer time scale was needed.