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Wang Y, Jiang H, Zheng R H, et al. Analysis on characteristics and pulping performance of Dendrocalamus mutates[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(6): 64−68 doi: 10.12172/202006090002
Citation: Wang Y, Jiang H, Zheng R H, et al. Analysis on characteristics and pulping performance of Dendrocalamus mutates [J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(6): 64−68 doi: 10.12172/202006090002

Analysis on Characteristics and Pulping Performance of Dendrocalamus mutates


doi: 10.12172/202006090002
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  • Received Date: 2020-06-09
    Available Online: 2020-08-28
  • Publish Date: 2020-12-11
  • Dendrocalamus mutatus Yi et B.X. Li was selected as the research object, and the characteristics and pulping performance of Dendrocalamus mutates were studied. The application of Dendrocalamus mutatus in pulping and papermaking was studied, so as to provide more and better bamboo varieties for the high-quality development of bamboo industry in Sichuan province. The results showed that Dendrocalamus mutatus had higher biomass per unit area, wich was a high-yield bamboo species. Besides the high kappa number and viscosity, there were no other problems in the pulping experiment, which could be used to produce bamboo dissolved pulp and bamboo chemical pulp. The length of Dendrocalamus mutates fiber was longer than that of bamboo fiber for production, and the cooking difficulty was slightly higher than that of bamboo fiber for production. If Dendrocalamus mutates was used in production, it is necessary to properly strengthen the cooking conditions.
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  • [1] 易同培,李本祥,史军义,等. 牡竹属新分类群及其它[J]. 四川林业科技,2015,36(1):1−3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5508.2015.01.001
    [2] 王勇,尚彬,周国强,等. 佯黄竹特性及利用价值研究[J]. 四川林业科技,2017,38(3):72−74.
    [3] 吴萌,罗代荣,何天健. 四川主要造纸竹种特性及生长量研究[J]. 四川林业科技,1989,10(3):19−22.
    [4] 陈富枢. 丛生竹纤维形态分析与造纸用竹选择[J]. 广东林业科技,1986(2):1−9.
    [5] 陈其兵,高素萍,刘丽. 四川省优良纸浆竹种选择与竹纸产业化发展[J]. 竹子研究会刊,2002,21(4):47−51.
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Analysis on Characteristics and Pulping Performance of Dendrocalamus mutates

doi: 10.12172/202006090002
  • 1. Forestry and Bamboo Industry Research Institute of Yibin, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2. Sichuan Tianzhu bamboo resources development Co., Ltd, Jiang’an 644200, China
  • 3. Sichuan Changningxian Shiji Bamboo Garden, Changning 644300, China

Abstract: Dendrocalamus mutatus Yi et B.X. Li was selected as the research object, and the characteristics and pulping performance of Dendrocalamus mutates were studied. The application of Dendrocalamus mutatus in pulping and papermaking was studied, so as to provide more and better bamboo varieties for the high-quality development of bamboo industry in Sichuan province. The results showed that Dendrocalamus mutatus had higher biomass per unit area, wich was a high-yield bamboo species. Besides the high kappa number and viscosity, there were no other problems in the pulping experiment, which could be used to produce bamboo dissolved pulp and bamboo chemical pulp. The length of Dendrocalamus mutates fiber was longer than that of bamboo fiber for production, and the cooking difficulty was slightly higher than that of bamboo fiber for production. If Dendrocalamus mutates was used in production, it is necessary to properly strengthen the cooking conditions.

  • 倬牡竹(Dendrocalamus mutatus Yi et B. X. Li)系禾本科竹亚科牡竹属一新种。易同培教授通过形态学的研究[1],认为倬牡竹是由撑篙竹和绿竹人工杂交后所产生的一个突变体,其形态上已超出母本撑篙竹和父本绿竹范围。

    1995年,长宁从广西柳州林业科学研究所引种撑绿杂交竹时,发现变异个体,并做单独栽培,经过近20年的精心培育和管理,生长情况正常,其竹高和直径远大于当地的原生丛生竹种类。此竹种现在长宁县竹海镇世纪竹园和古河镇新伍村(小地名:后坝)有繁育栽植,但未做大面积推广。为了解倬牡竹特性及验证倬牡竹制浆可行性,研究人员在世纪竹园通过倬牡竹生物量调查,且和四川天竹竹资源开发有限公司实验室技术人员一起开展硫酸盐法制备化学浆和预水硫酸盐法制备溶解浆实验,并进行外观物理检测及水分检验,开拓倬牡竹在制浆造纸等方面的应用,同时为四川省竹产业高质量发展提供更多、更好地竹类品种选择。

1.   材料与方法
  • 倬牡竹生长量调查及供试竹样均自四川省宜宾市长宁县竹海镇世纪竹园,地理坐标104°56'13″E,28°30'35″N,属亚热带湿润型季风气候,冬暖春早、夏热较长、湿度较大,雨量充沛的特点,年均气温约18.3 ℃,年均降雨量约1 100 mm,日照时数约1 050.3 h。土壤类型为山地黄壤,土层较深厚,微酸性。试样倬牡竹林除进行每年堆土1次,隔1年施肥1次的管理措施外,还有零星采笋和伐竹。

  • 倬牡竹林龄25年。试样倬牡竹经切片机切割成竹片。

  • 对调查中抽取的倬牡竹丛,按1年生、2年生和3年生及其以上竹进行计数及每株检尺。查数发笋数。按照1年生、2年生、3年生及其以上各抽1株平均竹(按照1年生、2年生、3年生及其以上根据每株检尺,计算并选取最具代表性的竹子作为平均竹),每株测量胸径(D)、株高(L)和重量(N),再分别记录各度竹的产量,再合计为总产量。采伐竹时以不高于地面3 cm砍伐,伐倒后剔除竹尖枝叶,齐竹尖直径2 cm小竹处断尖,野外称出全竹秆鲜重。

  • 升温曲线蒸煮条件(根据情况调节)见表1表2

    序号Stages过程Process压力Pressure/MPa温度Temperature/℃时间Time/min备注Remarks
    1一升0~0.4初温~15060
    2一排0.4~0.35150~14510
    3二升0.2~0.72145~17120~40
    4水解0.7~0.72170~17160~80取pH值
      注:液比3.5∶1

    Table 1.  Cooking conditions of dissolved pulping

    序号Stages过程Process压力Pressure/MPa温度Temperature/℃时间Time/min备注Remarks
    1一升0~0.4初温~15050~60取残碱
    2一保0.415030
    3排液0.4~0150~10020
    4二升0.0~0.70140~17060取初浓
    5保温0.7168~17060取残碱
    6保温0.7170~17160放浆
      注:温煮3.4∶1 热煮3.4∶1.

    Table 2.  Alkali cooking conditions of dissolved pulping

    倬牡竹片绝干2.8 kg进行装锅。一段蒸煮用碱量:15%,二段蒸煮用碱量:13%,硫化度:16%~18%,水煮液比:3.5∶1,碱煮总液比:6.8∶1,水煮不加助剂,碱煮助剂:QX-39 4 g/锅。对动力粘度、甲纤、多戊糖、纤维长度进行化验。

  • 升温曲线蒸煮条件(根据情况调节)见表3

    序号Stages过程Process压力Pressure/MPa温度Temperature/℃时间Time/min备注Remarks
    1一升0~0.3初温~14050~60取残碱
    2一保0.315030
    3排液0.4~0140~10020
    4二升0.0~0.58100~15840取初浓
    5保温0.58158~16060取残碱
      注:温煮3.4∶1 热煮3.4∶1

    Table 3.  Cooking conditions of chemical pulping

    倬牡竹片绝干2.8 kg进行装锅。一段蒸煮用碱量:12%,二段蒸煮用碱量:10%,硫化度:11~12%,碱煮总液比:6.8∶1,碱煮助剂:QX-39 4 g/锅。对卡伯值、特性黏度、纤维长度进行化验。

2.   结果与分析
  • 倬牡竹生长量情况见表4

    竹种Species秆高Height/m杆径Diameter/cm秆节/节Sections秆壁厚Thickness/cm单株发笋量/株Number of shoots平均单株重Weight/kg
    倬牡竹18~2514~1855~650.8~2.52~373.5
    佯黄竹10~156~841~530.8~1.24~611.7
    硬头黄竹5~122~632~430.4~1.02~45.1
    绵竹12~155~830~350.4~0.83~57.9
    慈竹8~133~825~350.3~0.62~56.3
      注:此表为鲜竹秆重。

    Table 4.  Growth comparison of several main bamboo species in southern Sichuan

    据调查,倬牡竹第1年单株母竹发笋2~3株,第2、3年单株母竹发笋2~4株;倬牡竹第三年老竹平均秆高21 m~25 m,径14 cm~16 cm,单株平均重73.5 kg,最大单株重109 kg。从上表数值分析看:倬牡竹平均单株重明显高于本地的佯黄竹[2]、硬头黄竹、绵竹(梁山慈竹)和慈竹[3]

  • 对倬牡竹样品1~2年生竹秆和1~3年生竹片进行外观检测及水分检验见表5

    项目Test items1年生1 year old2年生2 year old3年生3 year old
    直径mm120105
    节间距离mm250~350300~400
    壁厚mm13~2010~16
    水分mm65.650.845.3

    Table 5.  Appearance inspection and moisture inspection of Dendrocalamus mutatus

    表5所示,倬牡竹直径适中,切削难度不大;竹壁厚较薄,有利于蒸煮液浸透;竹片水分整体比同季节相同竹龄商品竹片偏高2个百分点左右。

  • 溶解浆蒸煮实验结果见表6

    批号
    Batch
    放浆白度
    /%Whiteness
    黏度
    /(mPa·s−1)Viscosity
    甲纤
    /%Content of alphacellulose
    得率
    /%Yield
    纤维长度
    /mmFiber Length
    灰分
    /%Ashes
    铁分
    /‰Iron content
    多戊糖
    /%Pentosan
    Z4-131.73597.731.72.3~3.30.270.0214

    Table 6.  Dissolved pulping properties of Dendrocalamus mutatus

    表6所示,使用倬牡竹片进行竹溶解浆蒸煮实验,在相同工艺条件下所得溶解浆黏度比生产用竹种高,未出现未蒸解物,纤维长度比生产用竹种长,灰分和铁分含量低于生产用竹种,多戊糖含量略微偏高,得率与生产用竹种基本相当。

    据研究,纤维长及长宽比是评价纤维原料的重要依据[4];纤维长度越大,长宽比越大,则纤维交织能力越强,成纸强度大[5]。如表7所示倬牡竹纤维长度(综合)2.63 mm,明显高于本地的佯黄竹[2]、硬头黄竹、绵竹,略低于慈竹[3]

    竹种
    Bamboo species
    纤维长度
    Fiber length/mm
    倬牡竹2.63(综合)
    佯黄竹2.52
    硬头黄竹2.06
    绵竹(梁山慈竹)2.31
    慈竹2.71

    Table 7.  Fiber length comparison of several main bamboo species in southern Sichuan

  • 化学浆蒸煮实验结果见表8

    批号
    Batch
    竹龄
    Age
    一升残碱
    Concentration of alkali in waste liquor after the first cooking/(g·L−1)
    初浓
    initial concentration
    /(g·L−1)
    残碱
    residual alkali/(g·L−1)
    放浆白度
    /%Whiteness
    碱煮温度
    temperature/℃
    卡伯值
    Kappa
    特性粘度
    Intrinsic viscosity/(mg·L−1)
    得率
    Yield/%
    Z4−2214.235.528.035.616212.6119636.8
    Z4−33 8.132.927.528.715819.1122836.7
    Z4−43 9.226.524.226.015821.3120140.9
    Z4−5213.832.726.530.915820.0123447.2

    Table 8.  Chemical pulping results of Dendrocalamus mutatus

    表8所示,使用2年和3年生倬牡竹片进行竹化学浆蒸煮实验,逐步调整工艺条件更换竹片竹龄以达到较高的得率。2年生倬牡竹未出现未蒸解物,3年生倬牡竹因出现少量未蒸解物得率低于比2年生倬牡竹。在较好的工艺条件下,倬牡竹所制得浆料卡伯值比生产用竹种偏高2~3 Kappa,得率与商品竹片基本相当(见表9)。

    竹种Bamboo species得率%卡伯值Yield Kappa
    倬牡竹40.4(综合)18.3(综合)
    佯黄竹52.511.7
    硬头黄竹43.922.8
    绵竹(梁山慈竹)25.3
    慈竹42.631.3

    Table 9.  Yield and kappa value comparison of several main bamboo species in southern Sichuan

    制浆得率是衡量竹材制浆性能的重要数据。倬牡竹采用硫酸盐法制备生产化学浆,制浆得率为31.7%;采用预水硫酸盐法制备溶解浆,制浆得率为40.4%,卡伯值为18.3,具有较高的制浆得率和较好的脱木素效率,说明倬牡竹可用于生产竹溶解浆和竹化学浆。

3.   结论
  • 倬牡竹生长表现及单位面积产材量均优于本地的丛生竹种。倬牡竹在实验中除了卡伯值和黏度偏高外未出现其他质量问题,倬牡竹可以用于生产竹溶解浆和竹化学浆。倬牡竹纤维长度比生产用竹纤维长度长,蒸煮难度略高于生产用竹,如果用于生产需要适当强化蒸煮条件。

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