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Ye J S, Zhang X H, Fang W Q, et al. Research on high grafting technique of blueberries[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(4): 94−98 doi: 10.12172/202004100002
Citation: Ye J S, Zhang X H, Fang W Q, et al. Research on high grafting technique of blueberries[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(4): 94−98 doi: 10.12172/202004100002

Research on High Grafting Technique of Blueberries


doi: 10.12172/202004100002
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  • Corresponding author: m13777692149_2@163.com
  • Received Date: 2020-04-10
    Available Online: 2020-06-28
  • Publish Date: 2020-08-17
  • In order to explore the high grafting technique of blueberries, the 6-year-old sharp blueberries were used as rootstock and the branches of three blueberry varieties, O'neill, Brilliant and Peak, were used as scions. The effects of different seasons, different grafting weather and different scion positions on the survival rate of high grafting and the growth rate of scion new shoots were studied and analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in grafting survival rate between spring and autumn, and there was extremely significantly difference in the growth rate of scion new shoots between spring, summer and autumn, and autumn was the worst season. Grafting in summer (June) with moisture preservation and shade could effectively improve the grafting survival rate. Grafting with pruned branches of early and medium varieties did not affect the annual fruit yield of blueberries in the current year, and the new shoots could obviously accelerate the growth and development process of grafted plants and caould blossom and bear fruit in the second year. The survival rate of grafting in different weather was significantly different, the best grafting was in sunny days, and there was no significant difference in the growth of scion's new shoot. The survival rate of grafting at different scion positions and the growth rate of new scion shoots were significantly different, with the middle scion being the best. Therefore, the blueberry high grafting method of selecting scions in the middle of branches to graft on sunny days in summer (late June) might be the best way.
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Research on High Grafting Technique of Blueberries

doi: 10.12172/202004100002
  • Natural Resources and Planning Bureau of Suichang County, Lishui 323300, China
  • Corresponding author: m13777692149_2@163.com

Abstract: In order to explore the high grafting technique of blueberries, the 6-year-old sharp blueberries were used as rootstock and the branches of three blueberry varieties, O'neill, Brilliant and Peak, were used as scions. The effects of different seasons, different grafting weather and different scion positions on the survival rate of high grafting and the growth rate of scion new shoots were studied and analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in grafting survival rate between spring and autumn, and there was extremely significantly difference in the growth rate of scion new shoots between spring, summer and autumn, and autumn was the worst season. Grafting in summer (June) with moisture preservation and shade could effectively improve the grafting survival rate. Grafting with pruned branches of early and medium varieties did not affect the annual fruit yield of blueberries in the current year, and the new shoots could obviously accelerate the growth and development process of grafted plants and caould blossom and bear fruit in the second year. The survival rate of grafting in different weather was significantly different, the best grafting was in sunny days, and there was no significant difference in the growth of scion's new shoot. The survival rate of grafting at different scion positions and the growth rate of new scion shoots were significantly different, with the middle scion being the best. Therefore, the blueberry high grafting method of selecting scions in the middle of branches to graft on sunny days in summer (late June) might be the best way.

  • 嫁接繁殖具有改变植株形态[1-3]、增强植株抗性和适应性[4-5]、保持优良特性[6-9]等优点,在农林业的诸多方面均有不可替代的价值[10-12],但杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘属(Vaccinium)植物的蓝莓[13],在嫁接方面的研究却很少[14-16],特别是蓝莓高位嫁接方面尚未见有文献报道。为此,本研究探讨了嫁接季节、天气条件和接穗部位对蓝莓高位嫁接成活率及之后发梢的影响,旨在为建立一树多品种,既能满足采摘体验旅游观光需要,又能延长鲜果采摘时间的蓝莓园提供科学依据。

1.   试验材料与方法
  • 试验地位于浙江省遂昌县云露家庭农场蓝莓采摘园。试验地位于28º35’—28º37’N,119º13—119º15’E,年平均气温为17.1 ℃。月均气温5.3 ℃,7月均温27.8 ℃,极端最高气温40.1 ℃,最低−9.7 ℃,年平均降雨量1212.5 mm,相对湿度79%。,平均日照时间1848 h全年平均无霜期为224 d,海拔310 m。

  • 砧木为试验地2014年种植的夏普蓝(Sharpblue)蓝莓。在嫁接前,每株树选留5~7个角度适合、生长健壮、干直光滑、无病虫害的直径1 cm左右的分枝作砧木,其余枝则全部重度修剪,砧木树体高度控制在1 m左右。接穗从本县高坪乡茶树坪村分水平同年种植的奥尼尔(O′Neal)、灿烂(Britewell)、顶峰(Climax)蓝莓,取树冠中上部直径>0.5 cm粗壮、已木质化、芽饱满的健康枝条为接穗(在夏季嫁接时,奥尼尔蓝莓的接穗取自鲜果采收后重度修剪剪掉的枝条)。

  • 本研究采用完全随机区组试验设计,分别探讨了嫁接季节、气候条件和接穗部位对蓝莓嫁接成活率及之后发梢的影响。

  • 试验嫁接季节设3个处理,分别为春季、夏季、秋季,春季嫁接时间为2019年3月16日,夏季嫁接时间为2019年6月29日、秋季嫁接时间为2019年10月6日。每个处理组合用切接法嫁接60个接穗,重复3次。

  • 设晴天、雨天2种处理,3次重复,每次重复为1个小区,采用切接法分别嫁接60个接穗。嫁接时间:晴天为2019年6月29日,雨天为2019年6月30日。

  • 2019年6月29日试验,设3种处理(基部;中部;梢部)。3次重复,每次重复为1个小区,采用切接法分别嫁接60个接穗。

  • 选择芽头饱满成熟的木质化枝条,采集后就地剪取叶片,在有芽头上留点叶柄(1/5叶片),夏季嫁接枝条采集后要在阴凉处用清水沙保藏,最好枝条直立头朝上,嫁接时用湿毛巾(湿棉布)包裹接条放在阴凉处,春季和秋季嫁接参照常规方法即可。

  • 对于夏季嫁接必须利用原来的遮阳网遮挡太阳强光照射,控制温度;遮荫棚高度高出砧木80~100 cm,既通风又遮阳;通过灌水或浇水控制林地湿度;其他管理与春季和秋季嫁接相同,嫁接后对新长出长度超过10 cm以上的新枝条进行打顶,促进枝条萌发叉枝,对钻木接口下方新萌发枝条进行部分抹除,使蓝莓枝条呈伞状分布,嫁接后约3个月,第1次新梢萌发生长,当新梢完全老熟时,即可解绑,夏季嫁接的遮荫棚上的遮阳网也可同时掀除。

  • 2020年3月18日, 对不同季节、不同天气、不同接穗部位嫁接的接穗成活个数和嫁接成活的新梢长度进行生长量测定, 用钢卷尺量取嫁接口至枝条顶部的长度。然后统计成活个数(3 次重复同时计数,取平均值), 得出成活率。嫁接成活率 (%) = 成活个数/ 嫁接个数×100%。并用 DPS 软件LSD 法软件进行多重比较及差异显著性分析。

2.   结果与分析
  • 嫁接季节对接穗成活率没有显著影响,对抽梢长度有极显著影响。不同季节嫁接的接穗成活率虽然春季最高达88.67%,夏季次之,最低的是秋季,但经方差分析和多重比较,结果差异不显著。说明春、夏、秋3个季节都可以进行蓝莓高位嫁接。不同季节蓝莓高位嫁接的抽梢长度则受嫁接季节影响较大,春接的抽梢长度最长,达26.14 cm,其次是夏接,达22.73 cm,最小的秋接,仅有5.64 cm,春接和夏接显著大于秋接,达到了秋接平均长度的4倍以上,经方差分析和多重比较结果显示,差异达到极显著水平(见表1)。这可能与秋接后温度下降导致休眠,而春接后温度上升生长更旺盛,夏接还有7、8、9三个月的生长期有关。总体来看,更适合蓝莓高位嫁接的季节是春季和夏季,但是,夏季(6月底)嫁接,对早熟品种而言,可以比春季(3月中旬)嫁接多收获一年的蓝莓,为此,在实践生产中应尽量选择在夏季这个时间段进行蓝莓植株的高位嫁接。

    分析因子均值标准差FP-value5%显著水平1%极显著水平
    成活率/%春季88.673.512.5790.1908aA
    夏季87.003.46aA
    秋季86.002.65aA
    抽梢长度/cm春季26.142.1593.5610.0004aA
    夏季22.732.28aA
    秋季5.641.36bB

    Table 1.  Effects of different seasons on grafting effect of blueberries

  • 嫁接成活率晴天比雨天高,晴天嫁接成活率可比雨天嫁接提高28.33%,经方差分析和多重比较结果显示,差异达到极显著水平(见表2)。究其原因,可能是雨天嫁接,会造成有的嫁接口处有部分积水,侵入接口,引起嫁接口的愈合部位产生霉烂,导致部分接穗死亡,故成活率较低;接穗新抽梢的生长量虽然是晴天嫁接高于雨天嫁接,但经方差分析和多重比较,结果差异不显著。这说明雨天嫁接对嫁接成活率有直接影响,而对接穗新抽梢的生长影响不明显。

    分析因子均值标准差FP-value5%显著水平1%极显著水平
    成活率/%晴天87.003.4698.9730.01aA
    雨天58.677.51bB
    抽梢长度/cm晴天23.031.981.8920.3028aA
    雨天19.672.73aA

    Table 2.  Effect of different weather on grafting effect of blueberries

    由此可见,天气是影响蓝莓高位嫁接体系的重要因素之一。其中晴天嫁接最有利于提高夏季蓝莓高位嫁接成活率和接穗新抽梢的生长量,是最适宜蓝莓高位嫁接的嫁接天气,生产中宜以推广;而雨天嫁接最不利于提高夏季蓝莓高位嫁接的成活率,生产上不宜采用。

  • 不同部位接穗的成活率和新抽梢长度分别为枝条梢部33.00%、12.67 cm、枝条中部90.33%、25.00 cm、枝条基部53.00%、18.67 cm,方差分析和多重比较表明不同接穗部位之间差异极显著(见表3);枝条中部最好,枝条基部居中,枝条梢部最差。这可能由于枝条梢部木质化程度太低,组织幼嫩,蒸腾作用强,蒸腾消耗的水分多,影响愈伤组织的形成,接穗易失水枯死;枝条基部木质化程度较高,增生组织活动减弱,剪作接穗后生长素的来源被切断,因缺乏促进抽芽所需的生长素而不易分化出芽原基,从而影响嫁接口的愈合和新芽生长。枝条中部木质化程度较轻,由于其上部枝梢和叶片处于生理活动较旺盛的状态,仍然具有产生生长素的能力,生长素源源不断地向其运输,刺激芽原基的分化,能够迅速促进幼芽生长。所以,夏季嫁接应使用枝条的中部作为接穗,以保证接穗的成活率和新芽的生长量。

    分析因子均值标准差FP-value5%显著水平1%极显著水平
    成活率/%梢部33.003.61201.4450.0001cC
    中部90.332.52aA
    基部53.004.00bB
    抽梢长度/cm梢部12.670.5870.8280.0008cC
    中部25.001.00aA
    基部18.671.53bB

    Table 3.  Effects of different scion positions on grafting effect of blueberries at high position

3.   结论与讨论
  • 试验结果表明,春季、夏季和秋季3个时间点的嫁接成活率差异不显著, 接穗新抽梢的生长量差异极显著春季和夏季较高, 春季和夏季之间,夏季可多收获一年的蓝莓,夏季是适宜蓝莓高位嫁接的最佳嫁接时期。晴天和雨天这两种天气嫁接,晴天嫁接成活率可比雨天嫁接提高28.33%,达到极显著差异,接穗新抽梢的生长量差异不显著,晴天最适宜夏季蓝莓高位嫁接的天气。枝条梢部、枝条中部、枝条基部3个部位嫁接的成活率和接穗新抽梢的生长量差异均达到极显著水平,枝条中部最好,枝条基部居中,枝条梢部最差,中部枝条是夏季蓝莓高位嫁接的最佳接穗。

    综合以上3个因素结论, 得出适宜蓝莓高位嫁接的实施方案:在夏季(6月底)晴天时,选取蓝莓枝条中部作接穗。

    不同嫁接时间对成活率有显著影响[17-18], 文献资料显示,夏季高温导致接口愈伤组织难以生长,成活率降低[19],在本次试验中,由于采取了用湿毛巾包裹接条的保湿保鲜技术,接穗当天采集当天嫁接,接后利用原来的遮阳网遮挡太阳强光照射,控制温度,为嫁接口的愈合和新芽生长创造了适宜的生态环境,结果夏季嫁接的成活率与接穗新抽梢的生长量与春季嫁接差异不显著,蓝莓高位嫁接可以在夏季进行。

    高位嫁接是利用原有的树体骨架, 进行多头嫁接,接上不同品种, 达到一树多品种[20],满足采摘体验旅游观光需要,延长鲜果采摘时间的目的。在蓝莓栽培方面, 鲜见有关于高位嫁接的研究文献, 该试验选择不同的嫁接时间、嫁接天气、接穗部位等作为研究因素,其研究结果与引文研究结论基本一致, 这将为蓝莓高位嫁接提供理论依据及技术指导。

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