2021 Vol. 42 Issue 5
2021 Vol. 42, No. 5 Catalogue
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2021, 42(5): 1-7.
doi: 10.12172/202107050001
Abstract:
Plants are closely related to the microorganisms in their growing environment, they affect and depend on each other. In order to explore the changes of the bacterial community in the phyllosphere of Arundinaria spanostachya in different seasons, the composition and diversity of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that Proteobacteria phylum was dominant in the phyllosphere of A. spanostachya. The relative abundance of Acidobacteriota bacteria of A. spanostachya in spring was significantly higher than that in autumn, while the opposite trend was found for Proteobacteria bacteria. In spring, the relative abundance of 1174-901-12 and Granulicella was significantly higher than that in autumn, while the opposite trend was found for Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter. The Sobs index and Shannon index of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in autumn were significantly higher than those in spring. Based on the principal coordinate analysis of weighted-unifrac distance and unweighted-unifrac distance, it was found that there were significant difference in the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in spring and autumn. The dominant Proteobacteria bacteria had a potential impact on maintaining the intestinal health of giant pandas in this mountain range. The plant beneficial Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas bacteria were also beneficial to the health and growth of this bamboo species. The results are helpful to understand the difference of bacteria diversity and community structure of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in Xiaoxiangling Mountains, which could provide reference for the management and conservation of giant pandas’ staple food bamboo.
Plants are closely related to the microorganisms in their growing environment, they affect and depend on each other. In order to explore the changes of the bacterial community in the phyllosphere of Arundinaria spanostachya in different seasons, the composition and diversity of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that Proteobacteria phylum was dominant in the phyllosphere of A. spanostachya. The relative abundance of Acidobacteriota bacteria of A. spanostachya in spring was significantly higher than that in autumn, while the opposite trend was found for Proteobacteria bacteria. In spring, the relative abundance of 1174-901-12 and Granulicella was significantly higher than that in autumn, while the opposite trend was found for Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter. The Sobs index and Shannon index of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in autumn were significantly higher than those in spring. Based on the principal coordinate analysis of weighted-unifrac distance and unweighted-unifrac distance, it was found that there were significant difference in the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in spring and autumn. The dominant Proteobacteria bacteria had a potential impact on maintaining the intestinal health of giant pandas in this mountain range. The plant beneficial Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas bacteria were also beneficial to the health and growth of this bamboo species. The results are helpful to understand the difference of bacteria diversity and community structure of phyllosphere bacteria of A. spanostachya in Xiaoxiangling Mountains, which could provide reference for the management and conservation of giant pandas’ staple food bamboo.
2021, 42(5): 8-15.
doi: 10.12172/202101280002
Abstract:
In order to investigate the fauna and diversity of small mammals in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve Nature Reserve, a survey of small mammals was conducted by snap traps and pitfall traps from April to September 2020. The survey covered 10 survey quadrats at 8 elevation sections, spanning from 1400 m to 3350 m altitude, and 26 species of small mammals were collected. According to the historical records and published literatures published by the project team, a total of 44 species of small mammals belonging to 4 orders and 13 families were identified in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve. Among them, there were 23 species of Rodentia, 12 species of Insectivora, 5 species of Chiroptera and 5 species of Lagomorpha. According to the calculation of biodiversity index, Margalef index and Shannon-Weiner index showed the lowest species diversity at 1400 m altitude, Simpson index showed the lowest species diversity at 3550 m altitude, species evenness index showed that the relative density of species at 1500 m was the most uneven, and the number of individuals at 1800 m was the most uniform. The conclusion of this study could provide theoretical and data support for species diversity research and biological protection of small mammals in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve.
In order to investigate the fauna and diversity of small mammals in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve Nature Reserve, a survey of small mammals was conducted by snap traps and pitfall traps from April to September 2020. The survey covered 10 survey quadrats at 8 elevation sections, spanning from 1400 m to 3350 m altitude, and 26 species of small mammals were collected. According to the historical records and published literatures published by the project team, a total of 44 species of small mammals belonging to 4 orders and 13 families were identified in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve. Among them, there were 23 species of Rodentia, 12 species of Insectivora, 5 species of Chiroptera and 5 species of Lagomorpha. According to the calculation of biodiversity index, Margalef index and Shannon-Weiner index showed the lowest species diversity at 1400 m altitude, Simpson index showed the lowest species diversity at 3550 m altitude, species evenness index showed that the relative density of species at 1500 m was the most uneven, and the number of individuals at 1800 m was the most uniform. The conclusion of this study could provide theoretical and data support for species diversity research and biological protection of small mammals in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve.
2021, 42(5): 16-21.
doi: 10.12172/202101250001
Abstract:
Parocneria orienta Chao is considered to be the most destructive insect pest in cypress forest in Sichuan Province, and the overwintering generation had obvious diapause phenomenon. In this paper, effects of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction and termination of Parocneria orienta Chao were studied through artificial induction method. The results showed that: (1) Temperature had a significant effect on diapause rate of Parocneria orienta Chao (P<0.01). The diapause rate gradually increased with the decrease of temperature; (2) Temperature and photoperiod had synergistic effect on the diapause of Parocneria orienta Chao. Temperature played a major role and photoperiod played a subsidiary role. When the ambient temperature was below than 25 ℃, short daylength light could promote the induction of diapause, and there were significant differences in diapause rate of Parocneria orienta Chao under different photoperiod conditions (P<0.05); (3) 25 ℃ condition was most favorable for diapause termination of Parocneria orienta Chao. Photoperiod had no significant effect on diapause termination.
Parocneria orienta Chao is considered to be the most destructive insect pest in cypress forest in Sichuan Province, and the overwintering generation had obvious diapause phenomenon. In this paper, effects of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction and termination of Parocneria orienta Chao were studied through artificial induction method. The results showed that: (1) Temperature had a significant effect on diapause rate of Parocneria orienta Chao (P<0.01). The diapause rate gradually increased with the decrease of temperature; (2) Temperature and photoperiod had synergistic effect on the diapause of Parocneria orienta Chao. Temperature played a major role and photoperiod played a subsidiary role. When the ambient temperature was below than 25 ℃, short daylength light could promote the induction of diapause, and there were significant differences in diapause rate of Parocneria orienta Chao under different photoperiod conditions (P<0.05); (3) 25 ℃ condition was most favorable for diapause termination of Parocneria orienta Chao. Photoperiod had no significant effect on diapause termination.
2021, 42(5): 22-28.
doi: 10.12172/202102220001
Abstract:
Based on the landsat8 remote sensing images in 2013 and 2018 as data sources, with the support of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology, the dynamic changes of desertification land in the key project desertification control area in Litang county were monitored. The results showed that the reversal trend of desertified land was obvious in the study area from 2013 to 2018, and the area of extremely severe and moderate sandy land decreased significantly, showing a gradual reversal trend of "extremely severe sandy land → severe sandy land → moderate sandy land → light sandy land". The total area of moderate, severe and extremely severe sandy land with relatively serious desertification decreased by 26.38%, indicating that the relevant desertification control projects in the study area had achieved remarkable results. It was concluded that the model of artificial grass planting (low dosage) was suitable for mild sandy land control. The model of artificial grass planting (high dosage) was suitable for mild and moderate sandy land control. The model of artificial shrub and grass planting was suitable for mild and moderate sandy land control, and also had certain effects on severe and extremely severe sandy land control. The model of guest soil+artificial grass planting and guest soil+artificial shrub and grass planting were suitable for moderate, severe and extremely severe sandy land control. The model of sand barrier+artificial shrub and grass planting could effectively prevent further degradation of severe sandy land. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the selection of tree species and grass species, increase the diversity, and combine with engineering measures to control severe desertification areas.
Based on the landsat8 remote sensing images in 2013 and 2018 as data sources, with the support of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology, the dynamic changes of desertification land in the key project desertification control area in Litang county were monitored. The results showed that the reversal trend of desertified land was obvious in the study area from 2013 to 2018, and the area of extremely severe and moderate sandy land decreased significantly, showing a gradual reversal trend of "extremely severe sandy land → severe sandy land → moderate sandy land → light sandy land". The total area of moderate, severe and extremely severe sandy land with relatively serious desertification decreased by 26.38%, indicating that the relevant desertification control projects in the study area had achieved remarkable results. It was concluded that the model of artificial grass planting (low dosage) was suitable for mild sandy land control. The model of artificial grass planting (high dosage) was suitable for mild and moderate sandy land control. The model of artificial shrub and grass planting was suitable for mild and moderate sandy land control, and also had certain effects on severe and extremely severe sandy land control. The model of guest soil+artificial grass planting and guest soil+artificial shrub and grass planting were suitable for moderate, severe and extremely severe sandy land control. The model of sand barrier+artificial shrub and grass planting could effectively prevent further degradation of severe sandy land. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the selection of tree species and grass species, increase the diversity, and combine with engineering measures to control severe desertification areas.
2021, 42(5): 29-39.
doi: 10.12172/202101280001
Abstract:
In order to understand the changes of vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu during the urbanization process, the main characteristics and changes of vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed by selecting the existing mature landscape pattern index from four aspects: the basic characteristics of vegetation landscape elements, the diversity of landscape elements, the basic characteristics of landscape element patches and the shape characteristics of landscapes. The main results were as follows: (1) Compared with 2002, two vegetation types were missing in 2017, evergreen broad-leaved shrubs and shrub grass on low hills, which were mainly the results of the combination of natural succession and human activities. (2) The basic characteristics of the vegetation landscape elements in Chengdu showed that the total area of vegetation landscape in Chengdu in 2002 was 13757.59 km2, accounting for 95.97% of the total area of Chengdu; in 2017, the total vegetation landscape of Chengdu was 11, 147.32 km2, accounting for 83.34% of the total area of Chengdu. (3) The results of the vegetation landscape element diversity analysis showed that in 2002 and 2017, the richness index (1.364 and 1.172), the evenness index (0.653 and 0.742), and the diversity index (1.723 and 1.843) of vegetation landscape in Chengdu were lower, and the dominance index (4.362 and 4.328) was higher. (4) The results of the basic feature of landscape elements patches analysis showed that the overall landscape fragmentation degree of Chengdu is lower, but the landscape fragmentation index in 2017 was about five times of that in 2002, indicating that with the development of urbanization, the overall fragmentation degree of the vegetation landscape in Chengdu was increasing. (5) The results of the shape characteristics of landscape elements analysis showed that the shape index of the vegetation landscape elements in Chengdu was more than 1.5, indicating that it deviated from the circle on the whole. The fractal dimension of each landscape element was greater than 1, which indicated that the shape was more complex. In summary, the vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu was characterized by high fragmentation of artificial landscape, good connectivity of natural landscape, dominant landscape and low diversity. In addition, the interference of urbanization on vegetation was increasingly prominent, and it was necessary to ensure urban ecological safety through the formulation of scientific and reasonable industrial development policies and land use policies.
In order to understand the changes of vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu during the urbanization process, the main characteristics and changes of vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed by selecting the existing mature landscape pattern index from four aspects: the basic characteristics of vegetation landscape elements, the diversity of landscape elements, the basic characteristics of landscape element patches and the shape characteristics of landscapes. The main results were as follows: (1) Compared with 2002, two vegetation types were missing in 2017, evergreen broad-leaved shrubs and shrub grass on low hills, which were mainly the results of the combination of natural succession and human activities. (2) The basic characteristics of the vegetation landscape elements in Chengdu showed that the total area of vegetation landscape in Chengdu in 2002 was 13757.59 km2, accounting for 95.97% of the total area of Chengdu; in 2017, the total vegetation landscape of Chengdu was 11, 147.32 km2, accounting for 83.34% of the total area of Chengdu. (3) The results of the vegetation landscape element diversity analysis showed that in 2002 and 2017, the richness index (1.364 and 1.172), the evenness index (0.653 and 0.742), and the diversity index (1.723 and 1.843) of vegetation landscape in Chengdu were lower, and the dominance index (4.362 and 4.328) was higher. (4) The results of the basic feature of landscape elements patches analysis showed that the overall landscape fragmentation degree of Chengdu is lower, but the landscape fragmentation index in 2017 was about five times of that in 2002, indicating that with the development of urbanization, the overall fragmentation degree of the vegetation landscape in Chengdu was increasing. (5) The results of the shape characteristics of landscape elements analysis showed that the shape index of the vegetation landscape elements in Chengdu was more than 1.5, indicating that it deviated from the circle on the whole. The fractal dimension of each landscape element was greater than 1, which indicated that the shape was more complex. In summary, the vegetation landscape pattern in Chengdu was characterized by high fragmentation of artificial landscape, good connectivity of natural landscape, dominant landscape and low diversity. In addition, the interference of urbanization on vegetation was increasingly prominent, and it was necessary to ensure urban ecological safety through the formulation of scientific and reasonable industrial development policies and land use policies.
2021, 42(5): 40-47.
doi: 10.12172/202108110001
Abstract:
In this study, the breeding system of R. prattii Franch. was preliminarily analyzed by means of pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), hybridization index, bagging and artificial pollination in natural population, and the factors affecting the reproductive success of R. prattii were discussed. The flowering time of R. prattii population was from early May to middle and late June, which last for about 48−55 d. The female and male organs had the same maturity. The pollen vigor kept high at bud stage and 1−8 days after flowering. The stigma was the most fertile in 4−8 d after flowering, with the pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) of 852.97±75.5, the hybridization index of 4. In the bagging experiment, the fruit setting rate of artificial cross-pollination was 97.5%, and the hoverflies were the effective pollinators. The results showed that the breeding system of R. prattii was a cross-pollinated plant, which was self-compatible and needed pollinators. It could provide guarantee for reproduction at high altitude. On this basis, it could provide basic theoretical data for the creation of new varieties, which could enrich new Rhododendron varieties at low altitude.
In this study, the breeding system of R. prattii Franch. was preliminarily analyzed by means of pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), hybridization index, bagging and artificial pollination in natural population, and the factors affecting the reproductive success of R. prattii were discussed. The flowering time of R. prattii population was from early May to middle and late June, which last for about 48−55 d. The female and male organs had the same maturity. The pollen vigor kept high at bud stage and 1−8 days after flowering. The stigma was the most fertile in 4−8 d after flowering, with the pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) of 852.97±75.5, the hybridization index of 4. In the bagging experiment, the fruit setting rate of artificial cross-pollination was 97.5%, and the hoverflies were the effective pollinators. The results showed that the breeding system of R. prattii was a cross-pollinated plant, which was self-compatible and needed pollinators. It could provide guarantee for reproduction at high altitude. On this basis, it could provide basic theoretical data for the creation of new varieties, which could enrich new Rhododendron varieties at low altitude.
2021, 42(5): 48-52.
doi: 10.12172/202011060001
Abstract:
In order to understand the restoration status of food source plants diversity in damaged habitats of rare animals in Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken areas, the diversity and composition of food source plants were systematically investigated by using the method of sample line and quadrat survey from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) There were 289 species of food source plants in quadrats/lines, including 69 species of trees, 122 species of shrubs and 98 species of herbs, accounting for 24%, 42% and 34% of the total species respectively; (2) The species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in severely damaged and moderately damaged forest land were relatively single, and the number of food sources plant species was significantly lower than that in lightly damaged and undamaged forest land; (3) After artificial afforestation, the biological diversity of the area was gradually improved, and there were some pioneer food source plants in damaged habitats, such as Rhus punjabensis var. sinica, Sorbaria arborea, and Fragaria vesca. It reflected that short-term artificial promotion of vegetation restoration had a good positive effect in the process of artificial restoration in damaged habitats. (4) The richness index and diversity index of food source plants in severely damaged and moderately damaged forests were significantly lower than those in slightly damaged and undamaged habitats, but there was an opposite trend for the evenness index. The results objectively showed the dynamic changes of food source plants in the damaged forest after the earthquake, and played an important role in the protection of rare and endangered animals and plants in this area.
In order to understand the restoration status of food source plants diversity in damaged habitats of rare animals in Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken areas, the diversity and composition of food source plants were systematically investigated by using the method of sample line and quadrat survey from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) There were 289 species of food source plants in quadrats/lines, including 69 species of trees, 122 species of shrubs and 98 species of herbs, accounting for 24%, 42% and 34% of the total species respectively; (2) The species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in severely damaged and moderately damaged forest land were relatively single, and the number of food sources plant species was significantly lower than that in lightly damaged and undamaged forest land; (3) After artificial afforestation, the biological diversity of the area was gradually improved, and there were some pioneer food source plants in damaged habitats, such as Rhus punjabensis var. sinica, Sorbaria arborea, and Fragaria vesca. It reflected that short-term artificial promotion of vegetation restoration had a good positive effect in the process of artificial restoration in damaged habitats. (4) The richness index and diversity index of food source plants in severely damaged and moderately damaged forests were significantly lower than those in slightly damaged and undamaged habitats, but there was an opposite trend for the evenness index. The results objectively showed the dynamic changes of food source plants in the damaged forest after the earthquake, and played an important role in the protection of rare and endangered animals and plants in this area.
2021, 42(5): 53-57.
doi: 10.12172/202103100002
Abstract:
Forest fire is a kind of natural disaster with strong suddenness, great destructiveness and difficulty in treatment and rescue. In this paper, Xichang City in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province was taken as an example. Based on GIS technology and DEM data, a real-time prediction method of forest fire was proposed. Combined with NDVI, atmospheric humidity, surface temperature and vegetation type, the forest fire risk grade of the study area was quantitatively evaluated, and the fire risk was divided into five grades. The distribution map of forest fire danger in the study area was made by ArcGIS software, in order to discover the fire in time, reduce the damage of forest vegetation, and reduce the economic losses and casualties caused by forest fire.
Forest fire is a kind of natural disaster with strong suddenness, great destructiveness and difficulty in treatment and rescue. In this paper, Xichang City in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province was taken as an example. Based on GIS technology and DEM data, a real-time prediction method of forest fire was proposed. Combined with NDVI, atmospheric humidity, surface temperature and vegetation type, the forest fire risk grade of the study area was quantitatively evaluated, and the fire risk was divided into five grades. The distribution map of forest fire danger in the study area was made by ArcGIS software, in order to discover the fire in time, reduce the damage of forest vegetation, and reduce the economic losses and casualties caused by forest fire.
2021, 42(5): 58-63.
doi: 10.12172/202106020001
Abstract:
In order to prolong the edible period of fresh bamboo shoots, enrich bamboo species and increase the added value of resource utilization. In our study, four kinds of bamboo shoots such as Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi, Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li, Bambusa sinospinosa McClure, Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro were selected as the research materials, and the main nutritional components (amino acids, tannins, triterpenoids, dietary fiber) and flavor compounds of fresh bamboo shoots were analyzed. The results showed that the four selected bamboo shoots were rich in amino acids, and the tastes were mainly delicate, followed by bitter taste. As for the amino acids that express delicate taste, the taste values (TAVs) of Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi, Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Bambusa sinospinosa McClure bamboo shoots were all higher than those of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro’s, which were suitable for food as fresh bamboo shoots. The four species of bamboo shoots are relatively close in tannin, triterpenoids, and dietary fiber content. There were great differences in the component of flavor substances. For example, the alcohol substances of Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi bamboo shoots and Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro bamboo shoots were 36 and 37 kinds, respectively. However, as for Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Bambusa sinospinosa McClure bamboo shoots, the esters were the most, with 27 and 39 kinds respectively. The content of alcohol volatiles in Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi bamboo shoots (25.64%) was 6 times as much as that of Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li bamboo shoots (4.01%). In the cluster analysis, the result indicated that bamboo shoots of Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro were grouped into one category with similar flavors.
In order to prolong the edible period of fresh bamboo shoots, enrich bamboo species and increase the added value of resource utilization. In our study, four kinds of bamboo shoots such as Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi, Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li, Bambusa sinospinosa McClure, Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro were selected as the research materials, and the main nutritional components (amino acids, tannins, triterpenoids, dietary fiber) and flavor compounds of fresh bamboo shoots were analyzed. The results showed that the four selected bamboo shoots were rich in amino acids, and the tastes were mainly delicate, followed by bitter taste. As for the amino acids that express delicate taste, the taste values (TAVs) of Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi, Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Bambusa sinospinosa McClure bamboo shoots were all higher than those of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro’s, which were suitable for food as fresh bamboo shoots. The four species of bamboo shoots are relatively close in tannin, triterpenoids, and dietary fiber content. There were great differences in the component of flavor substances. For example, the alcohol substances of Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi bamboo shoots and Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro bamboo shoots were 36 and 37 kinds, respectively. However, as for Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Bambusa sinospinosa McClure bamboo shoots, the esters were the most, with 27 and 39 kinds respectively. The content of alcohol volatiles in Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi bamboo shoots (25.64%) was 6 times as much as that of Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li bamboo shoots (4.01%). In the cluster analysis, the result indicated that bamboo shoots of Bambusa changningensis Yi et B. X. Li and Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro were grouped into one category with similar flavors.
2021, 42(5): 64-68.
doi: 10.12172/202102040002
Abstract:
In this study, Cinnamomum longipaniculatum leaf residue was used as the main raw material, and the parameters such as adhesion, cracking, mildew growth and drop resistance were taken as evaluation indicators. Parameters such as particle size, binder and drying temperature of different C. longepaniculatum stalks were optimized to screen the preparation technology of biomass materials. The results showed that the biomass materials made by using high gluten flour as binder and mixing with coarser oil eucalyptus powder (the powder remaining over the 1 mm sieve) and drying at 25 ℃ had the best performance.
In this study, Cinnamomum longipaniculatum leaf residue was used as the main raw material, and the parameters such as adhesion, cracking, mildew growth and drop resistance were taken as evaluation indicators. Parameters such as particle size, binder and drying temperature of different C. longepaniculatum stalks were optimized to screen the preparation technology of biomass materials. The results showed that the biomass materials made by using high gluten flour as binder and mixing with coarser oil eucalyptus powder (the powder remaining over the 1 mm sieve) and drying at 25 ℃ had the best performance.
2021, 42(5): 69-72.
doi: 10.12172/202102040003
Abstract:
In this paper, the single factor experiment was designed to optimize the fermentation conditions in order to improve the 1,8-cineole yield of the target strain. The results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were as follows: fermentation temperature was 31 ℃, fermentation speed (dissolved oxygen) was 150 r·min−1, fermentation pH was 6.5 and fermentation time was 20 h. The yield increased from 2.30 mg·L−1 (without optimization) to 9.68 mg·L−1, with an increase rate of 320.8%, which had a good application prospect.
In this paper, the single factor experiment was designed to optimize the fermentation conditions in order to improve the 1,8-cineole yield of the target strain. The results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were as follows: fermentation temperature was 31 ℃, fermentation speed (dissolved oxygen) was 150 r·min−1, fermentation pH was 6.5 and fermentation time was 20 h. The yield increased from 2.30 mg·L−1 (without optimization) to 9.68 mg·L−1, with an increase rate of 320.8%, which had a good application prospect.
2021, 42(5): 73-76.
doi: 10.12172/202103050002
Abstract:
In this study, solvent-free microwave distillation approach was used for extraction of essential oil from leaves of Ledum plasture L. Effects of moisture content of raw materials, microwave irradiation time and microwave irradiation power on the yield of essential oil were investigated. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: moisture content was 75%, microwave irradiation time was 30 min, and microwave irradiation power was 540 W. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main components were myrtenal (24.47%), lebaicone (12.51%) and 4-terpinenol (10.84%). Compared with traditional extraction methods, this method had the advantages of stability, high efficiency and energy saving.
In this study, solvent-free microwave distillation approach was used for extraction of essential oil from leaves of Ledum plasture L. Effects of moisture content of raw materials, microwave irradiation time and microwave irradiation power on the yield of essential oil were investigated. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: moisture content was 75%, microwave irradiation time was 30 min, and microwave irradiation power was 540 W. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main components were myrtenal (24.47%), lebaicone (12.51%) and 4-terpinenol (10.84%). Compared with traditional extraction methods, this method had the advantages of stability, high efficiency and energy saving.
2021, 42(5): 77-81.
doi: 10.12172/202103050004
Abstract:
In this study, solvent-less microwave distillation and simultaneous extraction approach was used for obtaining of essential oil from leaves of Dendranthenma indicum var. aromaticum. Effects of extractant type and dosage, microwave irradiation time and microwave irradiation power on the yield of essential oil were investigated. The optimum operating conditions were as follows: the liquid-solid ratio was 2∶1 mL·g–1, microwave irradiation time was 40 min, and microwave irradiation power was 540 W. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main components were myrtenyl acetate (21.72%) and cis-sabinol (19.23%).
In this study, solvent-less microwave distillation and simultaneous extraction approach was used for obtaining of essential oil from leaves of Dendranthenma indicum var. aromaticum. Effects of extractant type and dosage, microwave irradiation time and microwave irradiation power on the yield of essential oil were investigated. The optimum operating conditions were as follows: the liquid-solid ratio was 2∶1 mL·g–1, microwave irradiation time was 40 min, and microwave irradiation power was 540 W. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the main components were myrtenyl acetate (21.72%) and cis-sabinol (19.23%).
2021, 42(5): 82-85.
doi: 10.12172/202103050003
Abstract:
Using the rhizomes of Aucklandia costus Falc. produced in Sichuan Province as raw materials and limonene as extraction solvent, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were extracted by ultrasonic cell disruption assisted extraction method. Effects of liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, cavitation time, buffer time, and ultrasonic time on the yield of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were investigated by the quantitative method of high performance liquid chromatography. The best extraction conditions were as follows: under the ultrasonic power 350 W, ultrasonic time 40 min, the ratio of limonene to Radix Aucklandiae was 25 mL·g−1, the cavitation time was 1.5 s, and the buffer time was 2.0 s. Ultrasonic cell disruption assisted extraction method had the advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection.
Using the rhizomes of Aucklandia costus Falc. produced in Sichuan Province as raw materials and limonene as extraction solvent, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were extracted by ultrasonic cell disruption assisted extraction method. Effects of liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, cavitation time, buffer time, and ultrasonic time on the yield of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were investigated by the quantitative method of high performance liquid chromatography. The best extraction conditions were as follows: under the ultrasonic power 350 W, ultrasonic time 40 min, the ratio of limonene to Radix Aucklandiae was 25 mL·g−1, the cavitation time was 1.5 s, and the buffer time was 2.0 s. Ultrasonic cell disruption assisted extraction method had the advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection.
2021, 42(5): 86-91.
doi: 10.12172/202102020001
Abstract:
In order to provide theoretical basis for scientific and rational application of organic fertilizer in seedling breeding, the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer on growth and soil fertility of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were studied. Under field conditions, the experiment was set up with 4 treatment, namely blank control (T1), chemical fertilizer control (T2), 50% organic fertilizer (T3) and 100% organic fertilizer (T4), and repeated three times. The results showed that: the dry matter accumulation in root, stem and leaf of T3 increased by 65.92%, 46.51% and 36.54% respectively compared with that of T2, and there was no significant difference in total dry matter accumulation between T4 and T1, T2. Root-shoot ratio of T4 was significantly higher than that of T1 and T2. Compared with T2, the soil bulk density at T3 decreased by 17.02%, and the total porosity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and saturated water content of T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those of T1 and T2. The available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of T3 was higher than T2 by 18.17%, 21.28% and 6.17% respectively, and the content of organic matter and total nitrogen in T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those in the control; Compared with T2, T3 significantly increased the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase, protease and sucrase, and significantly decreased the activities of catalase. Comprehensive analysis indicated that 50% organic fertilizer was the best for promoting seedling growth and improving soil fertility.
In order to provide theoretical basis for scientific and rational application of organic fertilizer in seedling breeding, the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer on growth and soil fertility of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were studied. Under field conditions, the experiment was set up with 4 treatment, namely blank control (T1), chemical fertilizer control (T2), 50% organic fertilizer (T3) and 100% organic fertilizer (T4), and repeated three times. The results showed that: the dry matter accumulation in root, stem and leaf of T3 increased by 65.92%, 46.51% and 36.54% respectively compared with that of T2, and there was no significant difference in total dry matter accumulation between T4 and T1, T2. Root-shoot ratio of T4 was significantly higher than that of T1 and T2. Compared with T2, the soil bulk density at T3 decreased by 17.02%, and the total porosity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and saturated water content of T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those of T1 and T2. The available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of T3 was higher than T2 by 18.17%, 21.28% and 6.17% respectively, and the content of organic matter and total nitrogen in T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those in the control; Compared with T2, T3 significantly increased the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase, protease and sucrase, and significantly decreased the activities of catalase. Comprehensive analysis indicated that 50% organic fertilizer was the best for promoting seedling growth and improving soil fertility.
2021, 42(5): 92-97.
doi: 10.12172/202010280001
Abstract:
In order to understand the main components and release characteristics of phytoncidere from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used for identifying and analyzing the research object of Taxus chinensis var. mairei from forest health and wellness base in Sanjiang Town, Chongzhou City, Sichuan Province. The results showed that 145 kinds of BVOCs were identified in the chemical components released from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, accounting for 96.29% of the total volatiles identified in the chemical constituents released from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, and the relative content was mainly terpenes. The relative content of monoterpene and sesquiterpene released from Taxus chinensis var. mairei was lower in the morning and evening and higher in the noon except isolongifolene, but the content of other components changed little. It is recommended that the forest therapy activities should be carried out around 11:00 every day, if the release characteristics of phytoncidere from Taxus chinensis var. mairei were considered.
In order to understand the main components and release characteristics of phytoncidere from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used for identifying and analyzing the research object of Taxus chinensis var. mairei from forest health and wellness base in Sanjiang Town, Chongzhou City, Sichuan Province. The results showed that 145 kinds of BVOCs were identified in the chemical components released from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, accounting for 96.29% of the total volatiles identified in the chemical constituents released from the living branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, and the relative content was mainly terpenes. The relative content of monoterpene and sesquiterpene released from Taxus chinensis var. mairei was lower in the morning and evening and higher in the noon except isolongifolene, but the content of other components changed little. It is recommended that the forest therapy activities should be carried out around 11:00 every day, if the release characteristics of phytoncidere from Taxus chinensis var. mairei were considered.
2021, 42(5): 98-101.
doi: 10.12172/202102220002
Abstract:
From 2019 to 2020, wild Eurycorymbus cavaleriei specimens were collected by Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Investigation and Planning Institute in Qionglai City. After consulting the literature and the collection records of specimens, it was confirmed as a new distribution record of this species in Sichuan Province. There were 20 individual plants more than 5 cm in the population of Eurycorymbus cavaleriei found in Qionglai City, and the population was obviously affected by human disturbance.
From 2019 to 2020, wild Eurycorymbus cavaleriei specimens were collected by Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Investigation and Planning Institute in Qionglai City. After consulting the literature and the collection records of specimens, it was confirmed as a new distribution record of this species in Sichuan Province. There were 20 individual plants more than 5 cm in the population of Eurycorymbus cavaleriei found in Qionglai City, and the population was obviously affected by human disturbance.
2021, 42(5): 102-106.
doi: 10.12172/202105080003
Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of shortage of high-quality provenances of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis over 4 years old were used as the experimental materials, and the growth and flowering phenology of aboveground parts were observed in the third year after planting, and the differences between wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis plants were studied. The observation results showed that: the minimum number of days in the whole flowering period was 45d, and the maximum number was 83d, resulting in significant differences. The difference between the height of the superior plants and the diameter of stem base increased by 118.42% and 128.57%, respectively, compared with that of the lowest plants. Plant fruiting rate was less than 50%, and the difference of average diameter of fruits was 68.55% higher than that of the lowest. The number of seeds was singular, and the difference of the number of seeds per fruit increased by 1 425% compared with the least. In addition, it began to blossom after March 22nd, and plant height and stem basal diameter growth increased the most at the flowering stage of 55−64 d. It indicated that there was a great difference between flowering stage and aboveground plant growth.. Therefore, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara could not be directly used as the mother plant of seedling cultivation and seed collection, but must be artificially screened manually.
In order to solve the problem of shortage of high-quality provenances of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis over 4 years old were used as the experimental materials, and the growth and flowering phenology of aboveground parts were observed in the third year after planting, and the differences between wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis plants were studied. The observation results showed that: the minimum number of days in the whole flowering period was 45d, and the maximum number was 83d, resulting in significant differences. The difference between the height of the superior plants and the diameter of stem base increased by 118.42% and 128.57%, respectively, compared with that of the lowest plants. Plant fruiting rate was less than 50%, and the difference of average diameter of fruits was 68.55% higher than that of the lowest. The number of seeds was singular, and the difference of the number of seeds per fruit increased by 1 425% compared with the least. In addition, it began to blossom after March 22nd, and plant height and stem basal diameter growth increased the most at the flowering stage of 55−64 d. It indicated that there was a great difference between flowering stage and aboveground plant growth.. Therefore, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara could not be directly used as the mother plant of seedling cultivation and seed collection, but must be artificially screened manually.
2021, 42(5): 107-114.
doi: 10.12172/202101230002
Abstract:
In order to understand the fruit types, seed dispersal modes and diffusion ways of the spontaneous plants in the urban street tree planting ponds, and provide theoretical basis for the construction of sustainable and low-cost urban landscapes and the management and application of spontaneous plants in the future. In this paper, the quadrat survey method was used to investigate the spontaneous plants in the planting ponds of street trees in summer and autumn in Fuzhou City. The fruit types and seed dispersal modes were classified according to the morphological characteristics of the fruits and related literature materials. The results showed that: (1) Fruit types of spontaneous plants in Fuzhou street tree planting pond were diverse, and a total of 19 species were found. From the perspective of invasive plants, non-invasive plants and the plants as a whole, the proportion of dried fruit plants was higher than that of meat fruit, and there were 6 types of seed dispersal mode, mainly animal dispersal; (2) Non-invasive plants include all fruit types, mainly capsules and achene plants, and the characteristics of seed dispersal were similar to the whole. (3) There were a total of 10 fruit types of invasive plant, mainly Asteraceae achene type, and the seed dispersal was mainly wind-driven type, excluding hydraulic dispersal type; (4) From the perspective of seed dispersal, the landscape application strategies of some spontaneous plants in this habitat were discussed.
In order to understand the fruit types, seed dispersal modes and diffusion ways of the spontaneous plants in the urban street tree planting ponds, and provide theoretical basis for the construction of sustainable and low-cost urban landscapes and the management and application of spontaneous plants in the future. In this paper, the quadrat survey method was used to investigate the spontaneous plants in the planting ponds of street trees in summer and autumn in Fuzhou City. The fruit types and seed dispersal modes were classified according to the morphological characteristics of the fruits and related literature materials. The results showed that: (1) Fruit types of spontaneous plants in Fuzhou street tree planting pond were diverse, and a total of 19 species were found. From the perspective of invasive plants, non-invasive plants and the plants as a whole, the proportion of dried fruit plants was higher than that of meat fruit, and there were 6 types of seed dispersal mode, mainly animal dispersal; (2) Non-invasive plants include all fruit types, mainly capsules and achene plants, and the characteristics of seed dispersal were similar to the whole. (3) There were a total of 10 fruit types of invasive plant, mainly Asteraceae achene type, and the seed dispersal was mainly wind-driven type, excluding hydraulic dispersal type; (4) From the perspective of seed dispersal, the landscape application strategies of some spontaneous plants in this habitat were discussed.
2021, 42(5): 115-121.
doi: 10.12172/202103270004
Abstract:
The research on seniors’ tourism and dwelling towns after retirement has gradually attracted the attention of scholars and the public, and the establishment of a relatively complete and scientific evaluation system has become one of the important research contents at present. Based on the research achievements and experience of the suitability of seniors’ tourism and dwelling towns at home and abroad, the Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process were used to construct the evaluation index system, and the research was carried out from two levels of environmental value and development and construction value. The results showed that the weight of the environmental value evaluation layer was 0.536, and the weight of the development and construction value evaluation layer was 0.464, indicating that the environmental value was the leading factor in the suitability for seniors' tourism and dwelling towns, and the importance of development and construction value as the basic condition for evaluation could not be ignored. The evaluation index system of this research could guide the present development of towns for seniors' tourism and dwelling in our country.
The research on seniors’ tourism and dwelling towns after retirement has gradually attracted the attention of scholars and the public, and the establishment of a relatively complete and scientific evaluation system has become one of the important research contents at present. Based on the research achievements and experience of the suitability of seniors’ tourism and dwelling towns at home and abroad, the Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process were used to construct the evaluation index system, and the research was carried out from two levels of environmental value and development and construction value. The results showed that the weight of the environmental value evaluation layer was 0.536, and the weight of the development and construction value evaluation layer was 0.464, indicating that the environmental value was the leading factor in the suitability for seniors' tourism and dwelling towns, and the importance of development and construction value as the basic condition for evaluation could not be ignored. The evaluation index system of this research could guide the present development of towns for seniors' tourism and dwelling in our country.
2021, 42(5): 122-127.
doi: 10.12172/202009020001
Abstract:
The tubers of Polygonatum sibiricum were selected as explants, and the pretreatment method of explants, the best induction, proliferation and rooting culture scheme were explored. The best tissue culture technology of Polygonatum sibiricum was analyzed and screened, and the tissue culture technology system of Polygonatum sibiricum was established. The results showed that the best pretreatment method of explants was to disinfect the surface of explants with 75% ethanol solution for 1 min, and then soak in 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 15 min. The best induction medium was MS + 6-BA 5.0 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L−1. The best proliferation medium was MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.05 mg·L−1 + 1/3 (Mg2 + + Fe3 +) ↑+ 1/2 KH2PO4↑+ AC 1 g·L−1. The best rooting medium was MS + 6-BA 0.05 mg·L−1 + NAA 1.0 mg·L−1 + AC 1 g·L−1 5 g·L−1, and the rooting rate could reach more than 85%. The survival rate of rooting seedlings and non-rooting seedlings could reach more than 95% after outdoor acclimatization and transplanting.
The tubers of Polygonatum sibiricum were selected as explants, and the pretreatment method of explants, the best induction, proliferation and rooting culture scheme were explored. The best tissue culture technology of Polygonatum sibiricum was analyzed and screened, and the tissue culture technology system of Polygonatum sibiricum was established. The results showed that the best pretreatment method of explants was to disinfect the surface of explants with 75% ethanol solution for 1 min, and then soak in 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 15 min. The best induction medium was MS + 6-BA 5.0 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L−1. The best proliferation medium was MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.05 mg·L−1 + 1/3 (Mg2 + + Fe3 +) ↑+ 1/2 KH2PO4↑+ AC 1 g·L−1. The best rooting medium was MS + 6-BA 0.05 mg·L−1 + NAA 1.0 mg·L−1 + AC 1 g·L−1 5 g·L−1, and the rooting rate could reach more than 85%. The survival rate of rooting seedlings and non-rooting seedlings could reach more than 95% after outdoor acclimatization and transplanting.
2021, 42(5): 128-132.
doi: 10.12172/202107100003
Abstract:
Ginkgo biloba L. is an excellent ornamental tree species with timber, fruit and medicinal values. The research on cutting technology of Ginkgo is of great significance to the development and utilization of Ginkgo resources. In this study, the cutting technology of Ginkgo 'Pixian No.2' was studied. The results showed that the best cutting effect was achieved by using middle branches cutting, cutting thickness 0.5 cm—1.1 cm, cutting length 14 cm—16 cm, cutting depth 11 cm, and NAA concentration 100 mg·L−1 for soaking for 20 h and the survival rate could reach 85.6%. Through the analysis of Ginkgo hardwood cutting seedling related factors on the survival rate of cutting, the hardwood cutting system of Ginkgo 'Pixian No.2' suitable for Henan Province was established, which improved the survival rate of cutting, reduced the production cost, and provided scientific basis for the expansion and utilization of Ginkgo resources.
Ginkgo biloba L. is an excellent ornamental tree species with timber, fruit and medicinal values. The research on cutting technology of Ginkgo is of great significance to the development and utilization of Ginkgo resources. In this study, the cutting technology of Ginkgo 'Pixian No.2' was studied. The results showed that the best cutting effect was achieved by using middle branches cutting, cutting thickness 0.5 cm—1.1 cm, cutting length 14 cm—16 cm, cutting depth 11 cm, and NAA concentration 100 mg·L−1 for soaking for 20 h and the survival rate could reach 85.6%. Through the analysis of Ginkgo hardwood cutting seedling related factors on the survival rate of cutting, the hardwood cutting system of Ginkgo 'Pixian No.2' suitable for Henan Province was established, which improved the survival rate of cutting, reduced the production cost, and provided scientific basis for the expansion and utilization of Ginkgo resources.
2021, 42(5): 133-136.
doi: 10.12172/202102100001
Abstract:
In order to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on container seedling growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata for 2 years, the tree height and ground diameter were measured in Guanzhuang state-owned forest farm, Shaxian County, Fujian Province in February 2021. The fertilization treatments contained three exponential fertilization treatments, two conventional fertilization treatments and CK treatments without fertilization. The results showed that the exponential fertilization treatment E120 (120 mg/plant) had the best growth performance in tree height and ground diameter, followed by exponential fertilization treatment E60 (60 mg/plant). Compared with CK, the average height growth of trees in two years of afforestation was 2.22 m and 2.15 m, which increased by 43.8% and 40.6% respectively. The mean ground diameter was 40.41 mm and 38.29 mm, which was 49.7% and 47.7% thicker than CK.
In order to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on container seedling growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata for 2 years, the tree height and ground diameter were measured in Guanzhuang state-owned forest farm, Shaxian County, Fujian Province in February 2021. The fertilization treatments contained three exponential fertilization treatments, two conventional fertilization treatments and CK treatments without fertilization. The results showed that the exponential fertilization treatment E120 (120 mg/plant) had the best growth performance in tree height and ground diameter, followed by exponential fertilization treatment E60 (60 mg/plant). Compared with CK, the average height growth of trees in two years of afforestation was 2.22 m and 2.15 m, which increased by 43.8% and 40.6% respectively. The mean ground diameter was 40.41 mm and 38.29 mm, which was 49.7% and 47.7% thicker than CK.
