-
季节性冻融是指由于一年四季与昼夜的变化伴随着环境中温度的变化,反映在多尺度土层上反复冻结-融冻的过程[1],这种情况主要出现在高纬度地区如我国东北地区[2-3]以及高海拔地区如我国青藏高原地区[4-5],是全球中普遍存在的一种自然现象。秋冬季节,温度降低,土层普遍由上至下冻结,春夏季节,温度升高,土层普遍由上至下冻融[6]。已有研究将季节性冻融划分为五个不同时期:冻融初期(10月下旬—11月),该时期土壤表层日最高温大于0℃,日最低温小于0℃,土层由上至下逐渐冻结;冻融后期(12月—1月中旬),该时期昼夜平均温度在0℃以下,土壤冻结从土层表面逐渐渗透到最大冻结层;稳定冻结期(1月中旬—2月),该时期土壤完全处于冻结状态,且土壤深层的平均温度和日最高温持续在0℃以下;融冻初期(3月),日均温在0℃上下波动,土壤开始由上至下与由下至上双向融化;融冻后期(4月下旬),表层土壤温度最低温大于0℃,土壤冻结层开始融化,但在土壤深层也存在温度小于0℃的现象[7]。
随着全球气候变暖,在高纬度与高海拔地区温度也随着升高,从而对土壤生态系统在水分与热量的分配上产生了重大的影响,并且冻土由于其独特的形成过程,对温度特别是全球气候变暖的反应更为敏感[8]。在此背景下,季节性冻土区的冻结时期将往后延迟,而解冻时期将提前[9],也就意味着土壤的冻结时间趋于缩短;Li等[10]在青藏高原研究发现,在1988—2007年期间,土壤解冻开始时间提前约14 d,土壤冻结开始时间推迟约10 d;Li等[11]更是认为土壤冻结日期每10年会推迟2.2 d,解冻日期会提前3.2 d,冻结天数会缩短5.2 d,这一变化也使得地表植被的生存环境发生了变化[6]。国内外学者对高纬度与高海拔地带的土壤冻融作用进行了研究,很多结论都表明冻融作用对土壤的物理特性、化学特性和土壤微生物群落产生了重大影响[12]。
Seasonal Freezing-thawing Influences on Soil Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics
More Information-
摘要: 季节性冻融是主要出现在高纬度与高海拔地区的引起土壤内部热量与水分随着时间变化而动态波动的过程。季节性冻融通过反复的冻结——融冻改变了土壤物理结构,降低了土壤团聚体稳定性;通过了土壤的淋溶作用和硝化作用,促进了溶解性有机酸的释放,改变土壤中有机质的含量,从而导致土壤中酸碱度的增减以及碳氮磷与重金属含量的变化;受到温度、水分的影响,使得土壤中微生物的数量与结构趋于动态过程。在综述季节性冻融作用对土壤理化与生物学性质影响研究的基础上,提出了应加强对青藏高原冻土区特别是藏东南高山林线地带冻土的研究与野外监测力度、原位研究以及在更大尺度土壤生态位下对冻融土壤的研究,这对于践行“两山”理论与开展生态安全屏障建设有着重要的意义。Abstract: Seasonal freeze-thaw is a process that mainly occurs in high latitudes and high altitudes, causing the internal heat and moisture of the soil to fluctuate dynamically with time. Seasonal freezing and thawing changes the physical structure of the soil and reduces the stability of soil aggregates through repeated freezing and thawing; through the leaching and nitrification of the soil, it promotes the release of dissolved organic acids and changes the organic matter in the soil. The content of soil leads to the increase and decrease of soil pH values and the changes of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal content; the influence of temperature and moisture makes the number and structure of microorganisms in the soil tend to be a dynamic process. Based on the review of the effects of seasonal freezing and thawing on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, it is proposed to strengthen the study of frozen soil in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially the alpine forest line in southeastern Tibet, as well as field monitoring and in-situ research. As well as the study of freeze-thaw soils in a larger-scale soil niche, this is of great significance for the practice of the "two mountains" theory and the construction of ecological security barriers.
-
[1] Guo D, Yang M, Wang H. Sensible and latent heat flux response to diurnal variation in soil surface temperature and moisture under different freeze/thaw soil conditions in the seasonal frozen soil region of the central Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011, 63(1): 97−107. doi: 10.1007/s12665-010-0672-6 [2] Ren J, Song C, Hou A, et al. Shifts in soil bacterial and archaeal communities during freeze-thaw cycles in a seasonal frozen marsh, Northeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 625: 782−791. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.309 [3] Zhe C, Yang S, Zhang A, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions following seasonal freeze-thaw events from arable soils in Northeast China[J]. Journal of integrative agriculture, 2018, 17(1): 231−246. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61738-6 [4] Yang M X, Yao T D, Gou X H, et al. Diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2007, 52(1): 136−139. doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0004-8 [5] Wang Q, Zhang T, Jin H, et al. Observational study on the active layer freeze–thaw cycle in the upper reaches of the Heihe River of the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Quaternary International, 2017, 440: 13−22. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.027 [6] Zhang L, Ren F, Li H, et al. The influence mechanism of freeze-thaw on soil erosion: a review[J]. Water, 2021, 13(8): 1010. doi: 10.3390/w13081010 [7] 陈泓硕,马大龙,姜雪薇,等. 季节性冻融对扎龙湿地土壤微生物群落结构和胞外酶活性的影响[J]. 环境科学学报,2020,40(4):1443−1451. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2019.0435 [8] 孙辉,秦纪洪,吴杨. 土壤冻融交替生态效应研究进展[J]. 土壤,2008,4:505−509. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2008.04.001 [9] Xue X, You Q, Peng F, et al. Experimental Warming Aggravates Degradation‐Induced Topsoil Drought in Alpine Meadows of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau[J]. Land degradation & development, 2017, 28(8): 2343−2353. [10] Li X, Jin R, Pan X, et al. Changes in the near-surface soil freeze–thaw cycle on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2012, 17: 33−42. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2011.12.002 [11] Li N, Cuo L, Zhang Y. On the freeze-thaw cycles of shallow soil and connections with environmental factors over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Climate Dynamics, 2021, 57(11-12): 3183−3206. doi: 10.1007/s00382-021-05860-3 [12] Zhang K L, Liu H Y. Research progresses and prospects on freeze thaw erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China[J]. Sci Soil Water Conse, 2018, 16: 17−24. [13] Luo S, Wang J, Pomeroy J W, et al. Freeze–thaw changes of seasonally frozen ground on the Tibetan Plateau from 1960 to 2014[J]. Journal of Climate, 2020, 33(21): 9427−9446. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0923.1 [14] 王展,张玉龙,虞娜,等. 冻融作用对土壤微团聚体特征及分形维数的影响[J]. 土壤学报,2013,50(1):83−88. [15] Six J, Elliott E T, Paustian K. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: a mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2000, 32(14): 2099−2103. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00179-6 [16] Gui-Yuan L I, Hao-Ming F A N. Effect of freeze-thaw on water stability of aggregates in a black soil of Northeast China[J]. Pedosphere, 2014, 24(2): 285−290. [17] McMinn W A M, Keown J, Allen S J, et al. Effect of freeze-thaw process on partitioning of contaminants in ferric precipitate[J]. Water research, 2003, 37(20): 4815−4822. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.015 [18] Lin Z, Guodong C, Yongjian D. Studies on frozen ground of China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2004, 14(4): 411−416. doi: 10.1007/BF02837484 [19] Gao M, Li Y X, Zhang X L, et al. Influence of freeze-thaw process on soil physical, chemical and biological properties: A review[J]. J. Agro-Environ. Sci, 2016, 35: 2269−2274. [20] Zhao X B, Liu T J, Xu S G, et al. Freezing-thawing process and soil moisture migration within the black soil plow layer in seasonally frozen ground regions[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(1): 233−240. [21] 徐欢,王芳芳,李婷,等. 冻融交替对土壤氮素循环关键过程的影响与机制研究进展[J]. 生态学报,2020,40(10):3168−3182. [22] En-heng W, Yu-sen Z, Xiang-wei C. Effects of seasonal freeze-thaw cycle on soil aggregate characters in typical phaeozem region of Northeast China[J]. Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao, 2010, 21(4). [23] Wang E, Cruse R M, Chen X, et al. Effects of moisture condition and freeze/thaw cycles on surface soil aggregate size distribution and stability[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 92(3): 529−536. doi: 10.4141/cjss2010-044 [24] 李晓宁. 川西北高寒区冻融交替作用下土壤水—热运移研究[D]. 西南科技大学, 2018. [25] 杨梅学,姚檀栋. 青藏高原表层土壤的日冻融循环[J]. 科学通报,2006,51(16):1974−1976. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2006.16.020 [26] Chang D, Liu J K. Review of the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of soil[J]. Sciences in cold and arid regions, 2013, 5(4): 457−460. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2013.00457 [27] Oztas T, Fayetorbay F. Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability[J]. Catena, 2003, 52(1): 1−8. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00177-7 [28] Li Z, Yang G, Liu H. The Influence of Regional Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Loess Landslides: Analysis of Strength Deterioration of Loess with Changes in Pore Structure[J]. Water, 2020, 12(11): 3047. doi: 10.3390/w12113047 [29] Zhao Y D, Hu X. Influence of freeze-thaw on CT measured soil pore structure of Alpine meadow[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv, 2020, 34: 352−367. [30] 张迎新. 冻融作用对重金属Pb和Cd在土壤中吸附/解吸作用的影响及其机理[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2011. [31] 李琳慧,李旭,许梦,等. 冻融温度对东北黑土理化性质及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学,2015,43(4):318−320. [32] 高敏,李艳霞,张雪莲,等. 冻融过程对土壤物理化学及生物学性质的影响研究及展望[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2016,35(12):2269−2274. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2016-1087 [33] 刘亚红. 冻融作用对土壤含水率, pH 值, 电导率的影响[J]. 山西科技,2010(2):78−79. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6429.2010.02.038 [34] Kahimba F C, Ranjan R S, Froese J, et al. Cover crop effects on infiltration, soil temperature, and soil moisture distribution in the Canadian Prairies[J]. Applied engineering in agriculture, 2008, 24(3): 321−333. doi: 10.13031/2013.24502 [35] 龚家栋,祁旭升,谢忠奎,等. 季节性冻融对土壤水分的作用及其在农业生产中的意义[J]. 冰川冻土,2012,19(4):328−333. [36] 赵春雷,邵明安,贾小旭. 冻融循环对黄土区土壤饱和导水率影响的试验研究[J]. 土壤通报,2015,46(1):68−73. [37] 腾凯,柳宝田,李益新,等. 季节性冻土区地下水的变化规律及开发利用[J]. 地下水,1996,18(1):35−37. [38] 温美丽,刘宝元,魏欣,等. 冻融作用对东北黑土容重的影响[J]. 土壤通报,2009(3):492−495. [39] 韩露,万忠梅,孙赫阳. 冻融作用对土壤物理, 化学和生物学性质影响的研究进展[J]. 土壤通报,2018(3):736−742. [40] 胡春丽, 刘东明, 王贺然, 等. 2019年4月辽西农业干旱特征及成因分析[J]. 农业灾害研究, 2020, (10)04: 62-64+68. [41] Zhongping Y, Yao W, Xuyong L, et al. The effect of long-term freeze-thaw cycles on the stabilization of lead in compound solidified/stabilized lead-contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021, 28(28): 37413−37423. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13401-y [42] Hou R, Wang L, Shen Z, et al. Simultaneous reduction and immobilization of Cr (VI) in seasonally frozen areas: Remediation mechanisms and the role of ageing[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 415: 125650. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125650 [43] Li L, Ma J, Xu M, et al. The adsorption and desorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in freeze–thaw treated soils[J]. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2016, 96(1): 107−112. doi: 10.1007/s00128-015-1694-2 [44] 王娇月,宋长春,王宪伟,等. 冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展[J]. 冰川冻土,2011,33(2):442−452. [45] Grogan P, Michelsen A, Ambus P, et al. Freeze–thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in sub-arctic heath tundra mesocosms[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36(4): 641−654. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.12.007 [46] 王洋,刘景双,王全英. 冻融作用对土壤团聚体及有机碳组分的影响[J]. 生态环境学报,2013,22(7):1269−1274. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2013.07.030 [47] Wagner-Riddle C, Congreves K A, Abalos D, et al. Globally important nitrous oxide emissions from croplands induced by freeze–thaw cycles[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2017, 10(4): 279−283. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2907 [48] 李娜,汤洁,张楠,等. 冻融作用对水田土壤有机碳和土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 环境科学与技术,2015,38(10):1−6. [49] 王丽芹,齐玉春,董云社,等. 冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环关键过程的影响效应及其机制[J]. 应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3532−3544. [50] 崔虎. 退耕还湿条件下土壤团聚体中磷的赋存及释放特征研究[D]. 中国科学院大学 (中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所), 2019. [51] 周丽丽,黄东浩,范昊明,等. 冻融作用对东北黑土磷素吸附-解吸过程的影响[J]. 水土保持通报,2016(6):27−31. [52] 邹慧芳. 褐土磷吸附特征及不同水肥条件下设施黄瓜的生长[D]. 山西大学, 2019. [53] 樊志颖,李江荣,高郯,等. 色季拉山森林土壤重金属空间分布特征及污染评价[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报 (自然科学版),2020,48(8):93−100. [54] 郭平, 李洋, 张迎新, 等. 冻融作用对土壤吸附重金属的影响[J]. 吉林大学学报(理学版), 2012, (50)03: 593-597. [55] Wang Q, Liu J, Wang L. An experimental study on the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on phosphorus adsorption–desorption processes in brown soil[J]. RSC advances, 2017, 7(59): 37441−37446. doi: 10.1039/C7RA05220K [56] 杨桂生,宋长春,万忠梅,等. 三江平原小叶章湿地土壤微生物活性特征研究[J]. 环境科学学报,2010,30(8):1715−1721. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2010.08.027 [57] 陈静,刘荣辉,陈岩贽,等. 重金属污染对土壤微生物生态的影响[J]. 生命科学,2018,30(6):667−672. doi: 10.13376/j.cbls/2018079 [58] Yergeau E, Kowalchuk G A. Responses of Antarctic soil microbial communities and associated functions to temperature and freeze–thaw cycle frequency[J]. Environmental microbiology, 2008, 10(9): 2223−2235. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01644.x [59] Walker V K, Palmer G R, Voordouw G. Freeze-thaw tolerance and clues to the winter survival of a soil community[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006, 72(3): 1784−1792. doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.3.1784-1792.2006 [60] Li Y, Wang L, Tian L, et al. Dissolved organic carbon, an indicator of soil bacterial succession in restored wetland under freeze-thaw cycle[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2022, 177: 106569. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106569 [61] Sawicka J E, Robador A, Hubert C, et al. Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on anaerobic microbial processes in an Arctic intertidal mud flat[J]. The ISME journal, 2010, 4(4): 585−594. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.140 [62] Stres B, Philippot L, Faganeli J, et al. Frequent freeze–thaw cycles yield diminished yet resistant and responsive microbial communities in two temperate soils: a laboratory experiment[J]. FEMS Microbiology ecology, 2010, 74(2): 323−335. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00951.x [63] Degens B P. Macro-aggregation of soils by biological bonding and binding mechanisms and the factors affecting these: a review[J]. Soil Research, 1997, 35(3): 431−460. doi: 10.1071/S96016 [64] 刘利. 季节性冻融对亚高山/高山森林土壤微生物多样性的影响[D]. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2010. [65] Männistö M K, Tiirola M, Häggblom M M. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on bacterial communities of Arctic tundra soil[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2009, 58(3): 621−631. doi: 10.1007/s00248-009-9516-x [66] Schostag M, Priemé A, Jacquiod S, et al. Bacterial and protozoan dynamics upon thawing and freezing of an active layer permafrost soil[J]. The ISME journal, 2019, 13(5): 1345−1359. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0351-x [67] Perez-Mon C, Frey B, Frossard A. Functional and structural responses of arctic and alpine soil prokaryotic and fungal communities under freeze-thaw cycles of different frequencies[J]. Frontiers in microbiology, 2020, 11: 982. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00982 [68] 徐俊俊. 冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤氮素的影响[D]. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2010.
计量
- 文章访问数: 607
- HTML全文浏览量: 228
- PDF下载量: 154
- 被引次数: 0