-
全球气候变暖是一个不可否认的事实,在全球范围内,北半球中、高纬度地区和高海拔地区气温上升尤为显著。气候变暖对生态系统已造成严重威胁,例如冰川融化、海平面上升、极端天气频发以及植物季节活动节律的变化[1]。
森林生态系统与气候变化有着紧密联系。森林生态系统是构成陆地生态系统的主要成分之一,其对气候变化响应十分敏感[2]。而森林生态系统主要由树木构成,树木可以吸收大气中的CO2,通过植树造林能够有效地改善全球气候变暖问题。但气候变暖也会延长植物的生长季且影响植物的光合作用,从而对植物生长造成一定的影响[3],同时使森林生态系统的结构、功能(如生产力、碳汇)发生改变[4-6],最终对森林生态系统的稳定性造成影响。
近年来,树木生长对气候变化的响应研究已受到广大学者的关注。在全球气候变暖的背景下,树木径向生长对气候变化的响应关系也随之发生改变,导致树木生长对气候的敏感性下降或其生长减缓的现象,称为气候“分异问题”[7]。Jacoby[8]等在阿拉斯加相关研究中表明,在近十年来,原本受温度限制的树木反而对温度的敏感性减弱,这使得基于现有数据资料建立树轮-气候关系模型无法准确地预测过去的气温变化。由此得出“分异问题”的出现,打破了人们对“均一性”原理的理解,使利用树轮资料重建历史气候变化序列的准确性面临巨大挑战[9,10]。为此需广泛地开展“分异问题”相关研究,以了解不同时期树木生长对气候变化响应的稳定性。基于国内外研究报道,将系统地梳理“分异问题”的发现包括出现的地点以及涉及的树种,同时对“分异问题”形成原因进行归纳,以期对相关研究提供参考。
HTML
[1] | 刘敏. 中国东北红松生长对气候变化的响应及其动态研究 [D]; 东北林业大学,2017. |
[2] | Foley J A, Kutzbach J E, Coe M T, et al. Feedbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch[J]. Nature, 1994, 371(6492): 52−54. |
[3] | Lindner M, Maroschek M, Netherer S, et al. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems[J]. Forest ecology and management, 2010, 259(4): 698−709. |
[4] | Wu X, Liu H, Wang Y, et al. Prolonged limitation of tree growth due to warmer spring in semi-arid mountain forests of Tianshan, northwest China[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(2): 024016. |
[5] | 王姮,李明诗. 气候变化对森林生态系统的主要影响述评[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2016, 40(06):167−173. |
[6] | 项文化,雷相东. 森林生态系统多功能性及经营优化途径[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报,2022, 42(10):1−8. |
[7] | D'Arrigo R D, Jacoby G C, Free R M. Tree-ring width and maximum latewood density at the North American tree line: parameters of climatic change[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1992, 22(9): 1290−1296. |
[8] | Jacoby G C, D'Arrigo R D. Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1995, 9(2): 227−234. |
[9] | 高琳琳,勾晓华,邓洋,等. 树轮气候学中分异现象的研究进展[J]. 冰川冻土,2011, 33(02):453−460. |
[10] | 盖学瑞,于大炮,王守乐,等. 树轮-气候“分异问题”形成机制的研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,2017, 36(11):3273−3280. |
[11] | Pepin N, Bradley R S, Diaz H F, et al. Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world[J]. Nature climate change, 2015, 5(5): 424−430. |
[12] | 于大炮,王顺忠,唐立娜,等. 长白山北坡落叶松年轮年表及其与气候变化的关系[J]. 应用生态学报,2005(01):14−20. |
[13] | 郑永宏,梁尔源,朱海峰,等. 不同生境祁连圆柏径向生长对气候变化的响应[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2008(03):7−12. |
[14] | Davi N K, Jacoby G C, Wiles G C. Boreal temperature variability inferred from maximum latewood density and tree-ring width data, Wrangell Mountain region, Alaska[J]. Quaternary Research, 2003, 60(3): 252−262. |
[15] | Wilmking M, Juday G P. Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern treeline—recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2005, 47(2-4): 282−300. |
[16] | 李广起,白帆,桑卫国. 长白山红松和鱼鳞云杉在分布上限的径向生长对气候变暖的不同响应[J]. 植物生态学报,2011, 35(05):500−511. |
[17] | D'Arrigo R, Wilson R, Liepert B, et al. On the ‘divergence problem’in northern forests: a review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes[J]. Global and planetary change, 2008, 60(3−4): 289−305. |
[18] | Cai Q, Liu Y, Qian H, et al. Inverse effects of recent warming on trees growing at the low and high altitudes of the Dabie Mountains, subtropical China[J]. Dendrochronologia, 2020, 59: 125649. |
[19] | Du Q, Rossi S, Lu X, et al. Negative growth responses to temperature of sympatric species converge under warming conditions on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Trees, 2020, 34: 395−404. |
[20] | Barber V A, Juday G P, Finney B P. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress[J]. Nature, 2000, 405(6787): 668−673. |
[21] | D'Arrigo R D, Kaufmann R K, Davi N, et al. Thresholds for warming‐induced growth decline at elevational tree line in the Yukon Territory, Canada[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004, 18(3). |
[22] | Pisaric M F J, Carey S K, Kokelj S V, et al. Anomalous 20th century tree growth, Mackenzie Delta, northwest territories, Canada[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34(5). |
[23] | Jacoby G C, Lovelius N V, Shumilov O I, et al. Long-term temperature trends and tree growth in the Taymir region of northern Siberia[J]. Quaternary Research, 2000, 53(3): 312−318. |
[24] | Büntgen U L F, Frank D C, Schmidhalter M, et al. Growth/climate response shift in a long subalpine spruce chronology[J]. Trees, 2006, 20: 99−110. |
[25] | Taynik A V, Barinov V V, Oidupaa O C, et al. Growth coherency and climate sensitivity of <italic> Larix sibirica</italic> at the upper treeline in the Russian Altai-Sayan Mountains[J]. Dendrochronologia, 2016, 39: 10−16. |
[26] | Morales M S, Villalba R, Grau H R, et al. Rainfall‐controlled tree growth in high‐elevation subtropical treelines[J]. Ecology, 2004, 85(11): 3080−3089. |
[27] | Jiang X Y, Liu S H, Ma M M, et al. A wavelet analysis of the precipitation time series in Northeast China during the last 100 years[J]. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(2): 354−362. |
[28] | 张先亮,何兴元,陈振举,等. 大兴安岭山地樟子松径向生长对气候变暖的响应——以满归地区为例[J]. 应用生态学报,2011, 22(12):3101−3108. |
[29] | 孙滢洁. 大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松径向生长的时空变异特征 [D]; 东北林业大学,2022. |
[30] | 如先古丽·阿不都热合曼,张同文,喻树龙,等. 长白山红松和臭冷杉树轮密度变化特征及其气候响应 [J]. 地球环境学报:1−25. |
[31] | 张艳静,于瑞德,郑宏伟,等. 天山东西部雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应差异[J]. 生态学杂志,2017, 36(08):2149−2159. |
[32] | Zhang X, Manzanedo R D, D'Orangeville L, et al. Snowmelt and early to mid-growing season water availability augment tree growth during rapid warming in southern Asian boreal forests[J]. Global change biology, 2019, 25(10): 3462−3471. |
[33] | Kang S, Xu Y, You Q, et al. Review of climate and cryospheric change in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental research letters, 2010, 5(1): 015101. |
[34] | Zhang Y, Wilmking M, Gou X. Changing relationships between tree growth and climate in Northwest China[J]. Forest Ecology: Recent Advances in Plant Ecology, 2009: 39−50. |
[35] | Liang E, Leuschner C, Dulamsuren C, et al. Global warming-related tree growth decline and mortality on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau[J]. Climatic Change, 2016, 134: 163−176. |
[36] | Liang E, Dawadi B, Pederson N, et al. Is the growth of birch at the upper timberline in the Himalayas limited by moisture or by temperature?[J]. Ecology, 2014, 95(9): 2453−2465. |
[37] | Shi C, Shen M, Wu X, et al. Growth response of alpine treeline forests to a warmer and drier climate on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2019, 264: 73−79. |
[38] | 李宗善,刘国华,傅伯杰,等. 利用树木年轮宽度资料重建川西米亚罗地区过去200年夏季温度的变化[J]. 第四纪研究,2011, 31(03):522−534. |
[39] | 赵志江,郭文霞,康东伟,等. 川西亚高山岷江冷杉和紫果云杉径向生长对气候因子的响应[J]. 林业科学,2019, 55(07):1−16. |
[40] | 郭滨德,张远东,王晓春. 川西高原不同坡向云、冷杉树轮对快速升温的响应差异[J]. 应用生态学报,2016, 27(02):354−364. |
[41] | 郭明明,张远东,王晓春,等. 升温突变对川西马尔康树木生长的影响[J]. 生态学报,2015, 35(22):7464−7474. |
[42] | Zhang Y, Guo M, Wang X, et al. Divergent tree growth response to recent climate warming of Abies faxoniana at alpine treelines in east edge of Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecological research, 2018, 33: 303−311. |
[43] | Bräuning A, Mantwill B. Summer temperature and summer monsoon history on the Tibetan plateau during the last 400 years recorded by tree rings[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(24). |
[44] | 张贇,尹定财,田昆,等. 玉龙雪山不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长对气候变异的响应[J]. 植物生态学报,2018, 42(06):629−639. |
[45] | 申佳艳,李帅锋,黄小波,等. 南盘江流域云南松径向生长对气候暖干化的响应[J]. 植物生态学报,2019, 43(11):946−958. |
[46] | 岳伟鹏,陈峰,袁玉江,等. 气候变暖背景下云南西北部大果红杉径向生长衰退及其气候驱动因子分析[J]. 生态学报,2022, 42(06):2331−2341. |
[47] | Jiang Y, Zhang J, Han S, et al. Radial growth response of Larix gmelinii to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the Greater Khingan Mountains, Northeastern China[J]. Forests, 2016, 7(12): 295. |
[48] | 石仁娜·加汗,张同文,喻树龙,等. 天山不同海拔雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应[J]. 干旱区研究,2021, 38(02):327−338. |
[49] | 薛盼盼,缪宁,王东,等. 川西亚高山林线岷江冷杉和红杉对气候变化的响应[J]. 生态学报,2022, 42(23):9701−9711. |
[50] | Büntgen U L F, Frank D, Wilson R O B, et al. Testing for tree‐ring divergence in the European Alps[J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(10): 2443−2453. |
[51] | Lloyd A H, Bunn A G. Responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability[J]. Environmental research letters, 2007, 2(4): 045013. |
[52] | 刘兰娅,勾晓华,张芬,等. 升温对祁连山东部青海云杉径向生长的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2021, 32(10):3576−3584. |
[53] | 周子建,江源,董满宇,等. 长白山北坡不同海拔红松径向生长-气候因子关系对气温突变的响应[J]. 生态学报,2018, 38(13):4668−4676. |
[54] | Wilson R, D'Arrigo R, Buckley B, et al. A matter of divergence: tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D17). |
[55] | 姚启超,王晓春,肖兴威. 小兴安岭红皮云杉年轮-气候关系及其衰退原因[J]. 应用生态学报,2015, 26(07):1935−1944. |
[56] | 黄小梅,肖丁木,秦宁生. 基于树轮宽度的澜沧江源区干旱重建[J]. 干旱区研究,2019, 36(02):280−289. |
[57] | Lloyd A H, Fastie C L. Spatial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska[J]. Climatic change, 2002, 52(4): 481−509. |
[58] | He M, Yang B, Wang Z, et al. Climatic forcing of xylem formation in Qilian juniper on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Trees, 2016, 30: 923−933. |
[59] | KramerPJ K T T. Physiologyofwoodyplants[J]. New York: AcademicPress, 1979: 443−444. |
[60] | Jiao L, Wang S, Chen K, et al. Dynamic response to climate change in the radial growth of Picea schrenkiana in western Tien Shan, China[J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2022, 33(1): 147−157. |
[61] | Jiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang W, et al. Assessing the stability of radial growth responses to climate change by two dominant conifer trees species in the Tianshan Mountains, northwest China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2019, 433: 667−677. |
[62] | Cook E R, Peters K. Calculating unbiased tree-ring indices for the study of climatic and environmental change[J]. The Holocene, 1997, 7(3): 361−370. |
[63] | Kirdyanov A V, Krusic P J, Shishov V V, et al. Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution[J]. Ecology letters, 2020, 23(12): 1827−1837. |
[64] | Büntgen U, Kirdyanov A V, Krusic P J, et al. Arctic aerosols and the ‘Divergence Problem’in dendroclimatology[J]. Dendrochronologia, 2021, 67: 125837. |