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HUANG Z, LI Q, ZHANG L, et al. Analysis on variation and correlative heritability of cone, seed and seedling traits in families of Cunninghamia lanceolata[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2023, 44(3): 39−44 doi: 10.12172/202211090002
Citation: HUANG Z, LI Q, ZHANG L, et al. Analysis on variation and correlative heritability of cone, seed and seedling traits in families of Cunninghamia lanceolata[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2023, 44(3): 39−44 doi: 10.12172/202211090002

Analysis on Variation and Correlative Heritability of Cone, Seed and Seedling Traits in Families of Cunninghamia lanceolata


doi: 10.12172/202211090002
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  • Corresponding author: mucl2006@aliyun.com
  • Received Date: 2022-11-09
    Available Online: 2023-03-06
  • Publish Date: 2023-06-25
  • By comparing the changes of genetic correlation of cone traits, seed traits and seedling traits among Chinese fir semi-sib families, as well as the degree of genetic correlation between traits, the variation of seed and seedling tratis of Chinese fir at the family level was revealed, and the possibility of early selection of seedlings through seed and seedling traits was discussed. Using the cones of five half-sib families which were from the second-generation seed orchard of Gaoxian Yuejiang state-owned forest farm as materials, the cone diameter, cone length, cone quality, 1000-seed weight, germination rate, germination potential, seedling height, and ground diameter were measured with 10 replicates for each family, the relative heritability and genetic correlation coefficient between traits were estimated. The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in cone diameter, cone length and cone quality, 1000-seed weight and average germination potential among the five families. The average germination rate of the five families was about 50%, and there is no significant difference. Therefore, when sowing, there was no need to set the sowing amount by family; (2) The average seedling height of all families was more than 21 cm, and the coefficient of variation of seedling height of four families reached or approached 20%, with significant differences among families. The average diameter of seedlings of all families was more than 5 mm, and the coefficient of variation of diameter of all families was more than 18%, which indicated that it was potential to select super seedlings. (3) The heritability of cone was above 0.9, and the heritability of seedling height and ground diameter were 0.81 and 0.64 respectively. The correlation heritability between cone traits and seedling traits was less than that of seedling traits, and the genetic correlation coefficient was not significant. Therefore, it was impossible to select seedlings by cone traits,
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Analysis on Variation and Correlative Heritability of Cone, Seed and Seedling Traits in Families of Cunninghamia lanceolata

doi: 10.12172/202211090002
  • 1. Ecological Restoration and Conservation for Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, China;
  • 2. Gaoxian Yuejiang State-owned Forest Farm, Yibin 645152, China;
  • 3. Sichuan Forestry Work Station, Chengdu 610081, China
  • Corresponding author: mucl2006@aliyun.com

Abstract: By comparing the changes of genetic correlation of cone traits, seed traits and seedling traits among Chinese fir semi-sib families, as well as the degree of genetic correlation between traits, the variation of seed and seedling tratis of Chinese fir at the family level was revealed, and the possibility of early selection of seedlings through seed and seedling traits was discussed. Using the cones of five half-sib families which were from the second-generation seed orchard of Gaoxian Yuejiang state-owned forest farm as materials, the cone diameter, cone length, cone quality, 1000-seed weight, germination rate, germination potential, seedling height, and ground diameter were measured with 10 replicates for each family, the relative heritability and genetic correlation coefficient between traits were estimated. The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in cone diameter, cone length and cone quality, 1000-seed weight and average germination potential among the five families. The average germination rate of the five families was about 50%, and there is no significant difference. Therefore, when sowing, there was no need to set the sowing amount by family; (2) The average seedling height of all families was more than 21 cm, and the coefficient of variation of seedling height of four families reached or approached 20%, with significant differences among families. The average diameter of seedlings of all families was more than 5 mm, and the coefficient of variation of diameter of all families was more than 18%, which indicated that it was potential to select super seedlings. (3) The heritability of cone was above 0.9, and the heritability of seedling height and ground diameter were 0.81 and 0.64 respectively. The correlation heritability between cone traits and seedling traits was less than that of seedling traits, and the genetic correlation coefficient was not significant. Therefore, it was impossible to select seedlings by cone traits,

  • 杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)是我国特有的用材林树种,是南方地区栽培历史最为悠久、经济价值高的用材林树种[1],四川是杉木的西部主产区,主要分布在盆周山地和川中丘陵区[2],是速丰林工程建设的主要树种,也是筑牢长江上游生态屏障和建设国家储备林的重要树种,因此,发掘杉木优良种质,开发早期鉴定技术,对四川林业高质量发展具有重要作用。杉木人工林高质量发展的基础是选用良种壮苗,在杉木遗传改良工作中,四川已经建成出多个种子园并投入使用,前人的研究主要集中在杉木种子园选优、建园材料选择、自由授粉子代测定分析等方面[3-6]。较少涉及球果、种子和苗期特征等材料性状间遗传关系。相关遗传力是两个性状的遗传协方差与两性状表现型标准差乘积之比,能将性状表型值、基因型值、遗传力和相关系数联系起来[7]。由于相关遗传力矩阵在比较目标性状与辅助性状的遗传力与遗传相关时直观、简便,使分析更有效可靠。研究表明,当目标性状与辅助性状的相关遗传力的绝对值大于目标性状遗传力时,可以用辅助性状来间接选择目标性状[7-10]。以四川省高县月江国有林场杉木第2代种子园中5个自由授粉家系为研究对象,研究了球果、种子和苗期性状的遗传变异情况和相关遗传力,以期为杉木半同胞子代的早期鉴定提供依据。

    • 研究家系号为:T88、T120、T78、T80、T313。均为四川省“十三五”科技计划——突破性林木育种材料与方法创新项目选育出的优良家系。杉木家系来源于高县月江杉木第2代种子园,种子园位于四川省高县东北角的胜天镇境内,地貌属低山浅丘地形,海拔436 m~552 m,坡度10°~30°。属于中亚热带季风湿润气候,年平均气温16.5℃,年降水量1214 mm,土壤主要由砖红色砂岩发育而成的山地黄壤和少量酸性紫色土构成,土层厚度60 cm~80 cm,深厚、疏松、肥力中等,pH值4.60~5.05,土壤质地为粘性,立地指数10~12。

    • 2020年11月,采集各家系发育正常、无病虫害球果,每个家系随机选50个球果,5个球果为1个重复,共10个重复。用游标卡尺测定球果直径、球果长度,天平测球果质量。

      测量后,相同重复的球果放在同一网袋中干燥出种。按照GB2772-1999《林木种子检验规程》标准测定每组重复的千粒重、发芽率及发芽势。

    • 2021年2月下旬采用基质段点播法育苗。每个重复地把种子点播到椰糠和0 mm~10 mm泥炭土等比例混合的轻基质无纺布育苗袋中,育苗袋规格为直径4 cm、高8 cm。

    • 2021年11月底,用游标卡尺测量地径,米尺测量苗高。每个重复随机测量10株苗,每个家系共测100株苗。

    • 以性状的重复平均数为单位,使用SPSS22.0对各性状进行单因素方差分析,DPS 16.05估算遗传力、相关遗传力、遗传相关系数和表型相关系数[9, 10]

    2.   结果与分析
    • 杉木球果直径方差分析结果发现家系之间存在显著性差异,多重比较表明,5个家系球果的直径可分为四个级别,直径最大的为T88,其次为T120,再次为T78和T80,平均直径最小的为T313。T313最大的球果直径与T120最小的球果直径相当(见表1)。

      性状
      Traits
      家系号
      Family number
      均值±标准差
      mean±standard deviation
      极小值
      Minimum
      极大值
      Maximum
      变异系数
      Variation coefficient/%
      直径
      Diameter/cm
      T882.85±0.16a2.63.15.48
      T1202.64±0.18 b2.32.86.53
      T782.26±0.18 c22.67.63
      T802.37±0.15 c22.66.12
      T3132.04±0.18 d1.72.38.83
      长度
      Length/mm
      T883.42±0.24a3.147.01
      T1203.29±0.22a2.83.66.39
      T783.01±0.33 b2.43.610.74
      T802.70±0.25 c2.239.17
      T3132.84±0.21 bc2.43.27.21
      质量
      Weight/g
      T8816.41±3.05a12.923.418.14
      T12013.16±2.27 b9.417.616.85
      T788.69±1.85 c5.91220.83
      T8010.31±1.55 c7.513.414.65
      T3139.02±1.70 c4.911.218.26
        注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)(下同)。
        Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (the same below).

      Table 1.  Multiple comparison of cone characters in Chinese fir families

      杉木球果长度方差分析结果发现家系之间存在显著性差异,多重比较表明(见表1),5个家系球果的长度以3 cm为标准,可分为大中小三个级别,长度最大的为T88和T120,其次为T78,T80和T313为球果平均长度最小两个家系。

      杉木球果质量方差分析结果发现家系之间存在显著性差异,多重比较可将5个家系分为3个级别(见表1),杉木球果质量最大的为T88,其次为T120,从极值看,各家系球果质量均表现出1倍的差距。

    • 5个家系种子的千粒重、发芽率和发芽势等性状见表2。5个家系种子平均发芽势为7.67%~20.50%,方差分析结果表明家系间有显著性差异,多重比较结果发现T120的平均发芽势显著高于其他家系,T80次于T120,T88和T78的平均发芽势最低,说明家系间在发芽整齐度上差异较大。结合表1,可发现发芽整齐度与球果大小间无强关联。

      家系号
      Family number
      平均千粒重
      Average thousand-grain weight/g
      平均发芽率
      Average germination rate/%
      平均发芽势
      Average germination potential/%
      T8810.66±0.26a49.807.67d
      T12010.48±0.29a52.8020.50a
      T787.62±0.18b51.807.83d
      T804.6±0.16c50.6015.00b
      T3134.22±0.30c49.6011.83c

      Table 2.  Multiple comparison of seed characters in Chinese fir families

      而5个家系种子平均发芽率均在50%上下,且相互之间无显著性差异,说明最终出苗量没有差异,因此各家系的场圃播种量一致即可,无需按家系单独配置。

    • 5个杉木家系苗期测定见表3,各家系子代苗高均在20 cm以上,其中T120和T80的平均苗高达到了一级苗的要求(苗高≥24 cm),T78平均苗高接近一级苗的标准。

      性状
      Traits
      家系号
      Family number
      均值±标准差
      mean±standard deviation
      极小值
      Minimum
      极大值
      Maximum
      变异系数
      Variation coefficient/%
      苗高
      Seedling height/cm
      T8821.1±5.24ab12.0033.0024.83
      T12029.28±5.96a19.0041.0020.36
      T8028.12±5.52a20.0039.0019.63
      T31322.59±3.27b17.0031.0014.48
      T7823.59±5.37b13.0040.0022.76
      地径
      ground diameter
      /mm
      T885.91±1.54b3.169.7426.06
      T1207.09±1.48a4.4210.7920.87
      T806.27±1.19ab3.778.5618.98
      T3135.72±1.09ab3.427.8519.06
      T786.37±1.43b4.029.3822.45

      Table 3.  Comparison of offspring traits of Chinese fir families

      各家系子代苗地径均值均达到了一级苗的标准(地径≥4 mm),其中T120和T78的最小值均达标,说明这两个家系子代的地径指标全部达标,其中,T120子代单株最大地径达到10.79 mm,T78和T88子代单株最大均超过了9 mm。

      3个家系的苗高变异系数达到或接近20%、3个家系地径变异系数超过了20%,表明家系内苗高和地径性状变异丰富。

    • 球果与幼苗性状遗传力、相关遗传力和表型相关系数结果见表4,球果与球果性状的遗传力均达到0.9以上,幼苗苗高遗传力为0.8134,性状受到强烈的遗传控制,能够稳定的遗传给子代,而幼苗地径遗传力相对较低,为0.6388,能较为稳定的遗传给子代。

      性状
      Traits
      幼苗苗高
      Height of seedling
      球果直径
      Cone diameter
      球果长度
      Cone length
      球果质量
      Cone weight
      幼苗地径
      Seedling ground diameter
      幼苗苗高Height of seedling0.8134−0.03930.62−0.04930.1397
      球果直径Cone diameter−0.02780.98620.7760.9949−0.3311
      球果长度Cone length0.59660.78480.97430.77260.0443
      球果质量Cone weight−0.04370.99920.77570.9949−0.3039
      幼苗地径Seedling ground diameter0.3728−0.32790.0004−0.30130.6388
        注:对角线为是遗传力,上三角是相关遗传力,下三角是表型相关系数。

      Table 4.  Phenotypic correlation coefficients and relative heritability among traits in Chinese fir cones and seedlings

      相关遗传力代表了性状间相互间接选择的效率,根据戴君惕等[7]的方法,A性状选择B性状的效率为两性状相关遗传力与B性状遗传力之比。从表4可知,球果性状的相关遗传力较高,如球果质量与球果直径相关遗传力等于球果质量遗传力,因此当两相关性状选择强度相等时,通过球果直径对球果质量的间接选择相对效率为100%,与直接选择效率一致。

      而幼苗性状与其他性状的相关遗传力较低。各性状与幼苗苗高的相关遗传力依次为:球果质量>幼苗地径>球果直径>球果长度,各性状与幼苗地径的相关遗传力依次为:幼苗高度>球果长度>球果质量>球果直径。由此可知,幼苗苗高和地径等2个性状与球果性状的相关遗传力均小于幼苗2个性状的遗传力,因此,通过球果性状对幼苗性状进行间接选择的效果不明显。

      表5结果显示,幼苗苗高和幼苗地径为中度相关,幼苗苗高和球果长度为高度相关,球果性状之间为高度相关,但p值均>0.05,说明性状间的遗传相关系数均未达到显著水平,也验证了相关遗传力的结论,说明性状间基本未受到相同基因的遗传控制。

      性状
      Traits
      幼苗苗高
      Height of seedling
      球果直径
      Cone diameter
      球果长度
      Cone length
      球果质量
      Cone weight
      幼苗地径
      Seedling ground diameter
      幼苗苗高Height of seedling10.64980.28770.77330.497
      球果直径Cone diameter0.333810.24460.07970.7475
      球果长度Cone length0.76540.819110.2420.6511
      球果质量Cone weight0.210.97710.822210.915
      幼苗地径Seedling ground diameter0.50360.2350.33240.07731
        注:左下角是遗传相关系数,右上角是p值。
        Note: The genetic correlation coefficient is in the lower left corner, and the p value is in the upper right corner.

      Table 5.  Genetic correlation coefficient and significance analysis of various traits of Chinese fir cones and seedlings

    3.   结论与讨论
    • 农作物数量性状遗传变异常用遗传相关系数和相关遗传力,以期根据农作物的某些性状表型值对产量性状进行间接选择,在小麦[11]、水稻[12]、向日葵[9]上取得了较好的应用效果。而遗传相关系数和相关遗传力在杉木育种上应用得较少。本研究对杉木球果性状、种子千粒重和萌发性状、幼苗性状进行了分析比较的同时,计算了杉木球果性状和苗期性状间的遗传相关系数和相关遗传力,明晰两类性状间的相关性大小,鉴定球果性状是否可用于杉木苗期鉴定。

      研究表明,参试家系的3个球果性状均存在显著差异,参试家系的球果可分为3个级别,与吕文芳[13]、程琳[14]等对福建和广西杉木球果性状的分类研究结果一致。种子的千粒重、发芽势存在显著性差异,说明家系间出苗的整齐度差异大,但平均发芽率无显著性差异,均为50%左右,高于广西2代杉木种子园[14]、低于福建3代杉木种子园的平均发芽率[15]。家系幼苗苗高均在21cm以上,其中T120和T80平均苗高>24 cm,5个家系苗高变异系数14.48%~24.83%;地径均值均>4 mm,5个家系地径变异系数18.98%~26.76%,变异系数高于韩璐等对不同杉木世代种子园良种的研究[16]。相关数据表明参试优良半同胞家系性状平均表现好,从中筛选表现特别优良的超级苗是可行的,为下一步开发优良无性系奠定了基础。

      球果性状的遗传力和幼苗苗高遗传力高,性状受到强烈的遗传控制,能够稳定的遗传给子代,但幼苗地径遗传力相对较低,能较为稳定的遗传给子代,地径遗传力低于杉木种子撒播苗的地径遗传力[17],推测原因与本研究采用基质段点播的方式有关。

      相关遗传力分析在玉米[10]、水稻[18]、小麦[19]等农作物上用于生长性状与产量、产量与籽粒品质QTL区间互作、叶片与生理性状等研究。杉木育种研究相对要少,常用方差分析、线性相关等,如吕文芳[13]和代凤贵[20]等对球果及其5年生幼林生长量进行了方差分析,发现果型大小与树高、地径生长量的差异均不显著,程琳等[14]采用相关分析未发现球果质量与种子性状之间存在中度以上正相关。本研究分别从相关遗传力和遗传相关的角度剖析了球果与幼苗性状之间的关系,发现球果与幼苗性状之间的相关遗传力均小于幼苗性状的遗传力,因此,通过球果性状间接选择的效率比直接选择效率低;两类性状间遗传相关系数均未达到显著水平,说明性状间基本未受到相同基因的遗传控制,故不能采用球果性状对苗期性状进行预测。即本研究从遗传相关的角度验证了前人采用其他数理统计方法的结论。

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