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景观水体指天然形成或人工建造,具有外观形状、分布状态、文化意境、气候调节等特点,给人以美感的观赏性水体[1]。随着园林城市、海绵城市、生态城市等理念推广与实践,营造与应用景观水体成为城市绿化、乡村美化及生态治理的重要技术手段。水体和植物合理布局和配置,对提高景观丰富度和改善绿地生态环境有着重要的作用[2]。景观水体不仅是增加园林景观空间感、流动感、柔美感、参与感、娱乐感和自然感的造景手法,水体因热容量大、蒸发潜热大及水面反射率小的特殊物理性质[3],是城市开放空间性能最好的辐射散热器和蒸发增湿器[4],充分利用水体的区域气候调节性与自然通风能力[5],是缓解城市制冷与供热需求、降低城市温室效应、减少碳排放和实现碳中和的必然要求。
研究景观水体降温增湿规律及其导致微生境异质性大小,对水体周围绿化植物选择、配置及栽培养护具有指导意义。诸多学者对水体日间、夜间及季节性的温湿度调节能力进行了研究[6-8],结果均表明水体具降温增湿功能。受水体形状、面积、状态和分布的限制[2],及研究尺度、度量方式、测定时间和测定持续期的干扰[9],水体降温增湿幅度和影响范围的研究结果不尽相同[10-11]。100 m宽水体可使周围水平方向约200 m环境温度降低5—7℃,仅0.036 km2 的面状水域使城市热岛区域温度降低3.65℃[12],夏季最大增湿10%~20%,且可增加水体周围的风速[13]。建设下沉式景观水体是打造坡地景观、错层式景观和架空层景观,增加园林景观丰富度和层次感的常用手段,目前极少研究关注下沉式水体的降温增湿效应。
本文以南北长200±12 m、东西宽60±8 m,水域周长约528.86 m,面积约11 940 m2的下沉式静水湖为对象,于夏季9:30、11:30、13:30、15:30、17:30,通过测定东西南北4个坡向上,距离驳岸0 m、5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m等位点的温度和湿度,分析时间间、坡向间、位点间的温湿度差异,摸索下沉式景观水体周围微生境中温湿度变化规律,研究景观水体对不同坡向位点夏季降温增湿效应的影响。以期为下沉式景观水体周围生态护坡设计、观赏植物选择配置、一体化生态景观营造及森林城市建设提供依据。
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试验水体为位于四川省南充市西华师范大学校园内的人工下沉式静水湖的迎曦湖,属亚热带湿润季风气候,北纬30°49′、东经106°08′,四季分明,雨热同季,年平均气温17.4 ℃,最高气温40.1 ℃,最低气温−2.8 ℃,年日照时间1266.7 h。水体四周护坡中部,距水面垂直高度2.11±0.05 m,设景观步道,护坡植被为草坪+灌木球+矮乔木。用指南针确定正南方向,正向±1.00°测坡度、坡长和盖度,湖周坡度情况见表1。
坡向
Slope direction坡度
Aspect slope/°坡长
Slope length/m植被盖度
Vegetation coverage/%东East 39.95±1.85b 32.36±0.22a 65.25±0.25b 南South 40.78±1.55b 20.81±0.05d 54.32±0.12c 西West 44.40±2.25a 26.23±0.81b 69.37±0.15a 北North 39.53±1.64b 22.87±0.03c 40.16±0.31d Table 1. Basic information of slope protection around the lake
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MJ-1360A温湿度计,温度精度±1℃,分辨率0.1℃,范围−30℃~85℃。湿度精度±3%RH,分辨率0.1%RH,范围0%RH~100%RH。取样时间1次/秒。
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在湖周的东南西北4个方向上,各沿坡向设置距驳岸0 m、5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m等5个观测位点,位点若遇乔灌木遮阴,则水平横移距冠幅3 m,避免植被的影响。
分别在晴朗无风的2021年8月1日(37℃/25℃)、2日(38℃/27℃)和3日(39℃/26℃)的9:30、11:30、13:30、15:30、17:30等5个时间点,测定位点离地1.50 m的温度和湿度,3次读数。
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采用SPSS20.0进行了多重比较、方差分析等数据统计,并用Duncan法对各参数进行显著性检验和利用线性模型进行回归性分析。
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景观水体周围4个坡向20个位点的温度有显著差异(P<0.05)(见表2),4个坡向离湖面越远位点的温度均越高。9:30、11:30、13:30、15:30、17:30最高温度位点分别为E20、N20、 E20、W20、W20,最低温度位点分别为S0、W0、S0、S0、E0,最大温差分别为3.81℃、5.94℃、3.73℃、4.60℃、6.54℃,20个位点的温度在17:30时差异最大,9:30时差异最小。E0、S0、W0、N0一天中温差分别为5.07℃、4.67℃、5.00℃、2.73℃,E20、S20、W20、N20一天中温差分别为3.45℃、5.17℃、7.18℃、4.76℃。
坡向
Slope direction位点
Distance /m温度 Temperature /℃ 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 东East 0 29.73±0.32c 33.20±0.62b 34.01±0.57c 34.80±0.56c 32.41±0.71d 5 30.60±1.14bc 34.20±0.36ab 34.29±0.28c 34.82±0.36c 32.92±0.62cd 10 31.37±1.30bc 34.57±0.22ab 35.47±0.43abc 37.85±0.57b 34.14±0.56cd 15 32.36±1.29ab 35.38±0.21a 36.90±1.81ab 36.20±0.27bc 34.22±0.98c 20 33.52±0.27a 34.65±0.56ab 36.97±1.46a 36.41±0.20bc 34.57±0.59c 南South 0 29.71±0.69c 31.16±0.65c 33.24±0.32c 34.38±0.23c 32.86±0.64d 5 29.98±0.58c 32.10±0.39bc 33.93±0.51bc 35.14±0.59c 33.67±0.39cd 10 30.32±0.39c 31.93±0.28bc 34.53±0.67b 35.27±0.63c 34.46±0.17c 15 30.76±1.08c 31.60±0.79c 34.70±0.44b 36.52±0.85bc 34.62±0.91c 20 31.66±0.42c 32.71±0.45b 34..54±0.52b 36.83±0.85bc 34.13±0.21c 西West 0 29.88±0.28c 29.80±0.34c 33.42±0.23c 34.80±0.56c 35.03±1.01c 5 30.71±0.89bc 31.20±0.66c 33.63±1.00c 34.82±0.36bc 34.45±0.28c 10 31.27±0.92bc 31.41±0.94bc 34.84±1.05bc 37.85±0.56b 36.06±0.44bc 15 31.23±0.41bc 32.05±0.67bc 35.73±1.31ab 38.97±0.21a 38.38±0.81a 20 31.80±0.65bc 33.01±0.27bc 36.70±0.40a 38.98±1.25a 38.95±0.61a 北North 0 32.07±0.49bc 33.20±0.62b 34.03±0.57c 34.80±0.56c 34.54±0.33c 5 31.93±0.25bc 33.87±0.75bc 34.29±0.28c 34.82±0.36c 34.71±0.62c 10 31.43±0.99c 34.75±0.39ab 35.47±0.43b 37.85±0.57b 36.06±0.44bc 15 31.89±0.79bc 35.38±0.21a 35.11±1.10bc 37.65±1.25b 34.99±1.06c 20 32.66±0.53b 35.74±0.17a 34.52±0.29bc 37.42±0.50b 36.58±0.56b 注:同列不同小写字母表示位点间温度的显著性差异(P<0.05),下同。
Note: Different small letters in the same column indicate the significant difference of temperature between distance points (P<0.05), the same below.Table 2. Multiple comparison of effects of water body on temperature of slope direction and distance site
水体对坡向温度影响表现出时间尺度上的差异(见表3),9:30的温度差异大小为东>南>北>西,11:30为北>东>西>南,13:30为东>南>西>北,15:30为北>东>南>西,17:30为东>西>北>南。东向坡温度最易受水体影响,受影响大小为15:30>11:30>9:30>17:30>13:30。15:30时坡向间温度差异最大,13:30时坡向间温度差异最小。
坡向
Slope direction温度 Temperature/℃ 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 东East F 27.072 28.714 18.027 36.301 18.977 P <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.002 南South F 14.142 6.873 13.267 26.260 12.616 P 0.004 0.026 0.005 <0.001 0.005 西West F 3.429 10.612 7.262 16.871 15.419 P 0.052 0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 北North F 3.611 28.755 3.542 37.953 13.419 P 0.046 <0.001 0.049 <0.001 0.004 注:F值表示F检验的显著性,F越大表示越显著,P值表示概率值,下同。
Note: F value indicates the significance of F test, the larger F value indicates the more significant, and P value indicates the probability value, the same below.Table 3. Analysis of variance of influence of water body on slope temperature
水体对位点温度影响表现出时间尺度上的差异(见表4),9:30温度差异大小为位点20>位点15>位点0>位点10>位点5,11:30温度差异大小为位点20>位点15>位点10>位点5>位点0,13:30温度差异大小为位点20>位点10>位点15>位点5>位点0,15:30温度差异大小为位点20>位点15>位点10>位点5>位点0,17:30温度差异大小为位点10>位点15>位点20>位点0>位点5。5个位点温度在11:30时均有显著差异,位点5除11:30外均无差异,位点20在5个时间上均有显著差异,位点0在13:30和15:30时无差异,位点10在9:30无差异,位点15在13:30无差异。
位点
Distance /m温度 Temperature/℃ 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 0 F 4.812 5.634 2.087 1.824 4.954 P 0.044 0.030 0.242 0.361 0.032 5 F 3.357 6.375 3.561 3.642 3.624 P 0.082 0.028 0.076 0.056 0.062 10 F 3.432 6.581 5.213 4.831 14.417 P 0.061 0.022 0.029 0.041 0.001 15 F 5.191 7.769 3.559 11.923 13.144 P 0.032 0.013 0.072 0.009 0.005 20 F 6.925 7.833 6.852 13.245 11.216 P 0.023 0.011 0.019 0.002 0.018 注:F值表示F检验的显著性,F越大表示越显著,P值表示概率值,下同。
Note: F value indicates the significance of F test, the larger F value indicates the more significant, and P value indicates the probability value, the same below.Table 4. Analysis of variance of influence of water body on site temperature
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景观水体周围4个坡向20个位点的湿度有显著差异(P<0.05) (见表5),4个坡向离湖面越近位点的湿度均越高。9:30、11:30、13:30、15:30、17:30最高湿度位点均为S0,最低湿度位点分别为E20、E20、E15、N10、N5,最大湿度差分别为17.04%、18.73%、10.72%、16.59%、16.44%。20个位点的湿度在9:30时差异最大,13:30时差异最小。E0、S0、W0、N0一天中湿度差分别为4.62%、9.16%、11.24%、7.50%,E20、S20、W20、N20一天中湿度差分别为10.94%、9.03%、14.96%、4.71%。
坡向
Slope direction位点
Distance/m湿度 Humidity/% 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 东East 0 46.04±0.00e 50.00±0.10c 45.87±0.01e 47.66±0.01bc 45.38±0.01e 5 45.10±0.00f 47.90±0.01de 42.23±0.02g 45.29±0.01c 44.67±0.00ef 10 44.13±0.00g 44.14%±0.17f 39.97±0.01h 45.35±0.01c 42.37±0.01f 15 43.68±0.00g 38.03±0.02h 39.96±0.00h 48.97±0.01b 42.45±0.01f 20 43.00±0.01h 36.43±0.10i 40.16±0.10h 47.37±0.04bc 42.21±0.01f 南South 0 60.04±0.01a 55.16±0.01a 50.88±0.01a 55.26±0.14a 56.03±0.02a 5 47.55±0.01de 53.25±0.01b 49.65±0.01ab 49.57±0.03b 48.50±0.01d 10 45.59±0.01f 50.90±0.00c 48.70±0.00b 44.97±0.02c 49.45±0.01c 15 43.59±0.01g 48.25±0.00d 48.06±0.01c 45.83±0.02c 53.16±0.01b 20 48.24±0.06d 46.33±0.00e 46.26±0.00d 51.73±0.03b 55.29±0.01a 西West 0 54.79±0.00b 51.05±0.00c 50.87±0.02a 43.55±0.01d 44.78±0.00ef 5 52.22±0.00c 49.55±0.02cd 48.54±0.03b 40.15±0.02e 42.49±0.02f 10 48.88±0.03d 47.89±0.01de 48.67±0.01b 39.80±0.02e 44.83±0.02ef 15 54.28±0.00b 49.07±0.00d 45.30±0.00e 40.77±0.01e 42.69±0.00f 20 55.43±0.01b 55.97±0.06a 48.30±0.02b 39.97±0.02e 41.01±0.00g 北North 0 45.27±0.01f 48.97±0.01d 41.47±0.02g 41.57±0.02de 43.87±0.00f 5 43.23±0.01h 45.41±0.10e 41.03±0.00gh 38.73±0.01e 39.59±0.01g 10 44.16±0.01g 43.20±0.01f 43.6-±0.01f 38.67±0.01e 40.48±0.01g 15 43.66±0.11h 42.16±0.01g 40.31±0.01h 39.82±0.02de 42.07±0.00f 20 46.49±0.01e 46.93±0.01e 43.64±0.01f 42.20±0.01de 44.94±0.00e Table 5. Multiple comparison of effects of water body on t humidity of slope direction and distance site in summer
水体对坡向湿度影响表现出时间尺度上的差异(见表6),9:30的湿度差异大小为南>西>东>北,11:30和13:30为东>南>北>西,15:30和17:30为南>北>西>东。东向坡湿度最易受水体影响,受影响大小为11:30>13:30>9:30>15:30>17:30。9:30时坡向间湿度差异最大,15:30时坡向间湿度差异最小。
坡向
Slope direction湿度Humidity/% 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 东East F 13.241 36.112 18.377 6.812 6.741 P 0.003 <0.001 0.001 0.048 0.049 南South F 34.125 16.637 9.254 21.157 11.217 P <0.001 0.002 0.033 <0.001 0.023 西West F 17.652 9.688 7.374 6.931 7.154 P 0.002 0.018 0.041 0.043 0.039 北North F 9.278 16.842 8.524 7.142 8.314 P 0.032 0.003 0.034 0.041 0.036 Table 6. Variance analysis of influence of slope direction on humidity at different times
水体对位点湿度影响表现出时间尺度上的差异(见表7),9:30湿度差异大小为位点0>位点5>位点20>位点10>位点15,11:30差异大小为位点0>位点15>位点20>位点5>位点10,13:30差异大小为位点0>位点5>位点20>位点15>位点10,15:30差异大小为位点0>位点5>位点20>位点10>位点15,17:30差异大小为位点0>位点20>位点5>位点15>位点10。5个位点湿度在5个时间均有显著差异(P<0.05),位点0、位点5、位点20湿度在5个时间均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。
位点
Distance /m湿度Humidity /% 9:30 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 0 F 34.347 18.654 22.134 21.324 26.312 P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5 F 23.314 16.374 19.505 17.609 13.078 P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 10 F 9.862 9.851 8.132 6.674 9.464 P 0.005 0.005 0.017 0.034 0.012 15 F 7.693 17.217 8.563 6.541 13.112 P 0.023 <0.001 0.012 0.041 0.004 20 F 16.675 17.142 9.896 11.224 16.765 P <0.001 <0.001 0.004 0.002 <0.001 Table 7. Variance analysis of influence of position on humidity at different times
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水体周围的温度和湿度受坡向、位点和时间的显著影响,也显著受坡向、位点和时间的交互影响(P<0.05) (见表8)。温度在时间间有极显著差异,湿度在坡向间、位点间和坡向∙位点有极显著差异(P<0.01)。坡向、位点、坡向∙位点、坡向∙时间、位点∙时间对湿度的影响大于温度。影响温度因子大小为时间>坡向>坡向∙时间>位点>位点∙时间>坡向∙位点∙时间>坡向∙位点,影响湿度因子为位点>坡向∙位点>位点∙时间>坡向>坡向∙时间>时间>坡向∙位点∙时间。时间是影响温度第一因子,位点是影响湿度第一因子,坡向是影响温度和湿度的第二因子。
坡向
Direction位点
Position时间
Time坡向∙位点
Direction∙Position坡向∙时间
Direction∙Time位点∙时间
Position∙Time坡向∙位点∙时间
Direction∙Position∙Time温度
TemperatureF 7.332 6.734 25.012 6.131 8.112 7.127 5.706 P 0.018 0.032 <0.001 0.043 0.027 0.034 0.035 湿度
HumidityF 11.347 17.234 9.214 15.124 8.341 13.124 6.234 P 0.002 <0.001 0.023 <0.001 0.021 <0.001 0.042 Table 8. Cause analysis of temperature and humidity difference
Effects of Sunken Landscape Water Body on Temperature and Humidity of Offshore Sites with Different Slope Directions in Summer
doi: 10.12172/202208310001
- Received Date: 2022-08-31
- Available Online: 2023-03-06
- Publish Date: 2023-06-25
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Key words:
- Water body /
- Slope aspect /
- Slope position /
- Temperature and humidity /
- Landscape
Abstract: The design and construction of sunken water body was a classic method to create garden landscape and improve ecological function. In order to study the impact of sunken landscape water on the temperature and humidity of offshore sites in different slope directions in summer, an artificial lake about 11940 m2 area in subtropical climate was taken as the object. The observation sites of 0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m and 20 m offshore were set in the four slope directions of the southeast and northwest of the water slope protection. In summer (39℃/25℃), the temperature and humidity of the sites were measured at 9:30, 11:30, 13:30, 15:30 and 17:30 respectively, and the differences among sites, slope directions and times were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in temperature and humidity at 20 sites in 4 slope directions around the landscape water body (P < 0.05). The maximum temperature difference was 6.54 ℃ at 17:30, and the maximum humidity difference was 18.73% at 9:30. (2) The temperature and humidity showed significant differences among directions, among sites and among times (P < 0.05). Among directions, the maximum temperature difference at 15:30 and the maximum humidity difference at 11:30. Among sites, the maximum temperature difference at 17:30 and the maximum humidity difference at 9:30. (3) The temperature and humidity were significantly affected by slope direction, location and time (P < 0.05). The influence of landscape water on humidity was greater than that of temperature. The first influence factor on temperature was time, and the first influence factor on humidity was site, but the second influence factor on temperature and humidity was slope direction similarly. (4) The influence of landscape water on temperature and humidity of slope direction was east > west > north > south, and the influence on offshore site was site0 > site20 > site5 > site15 > site10. In conclusion, the cooling and humidification effects of water body on offshore sites with different slope directions were significantly different, so the plant community of ecological slope protection of sunken landscape water should be constructed according to the slope directions and sites.