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城市化是人类社会发展的必然趋势,城市化改变了地球的资源和环境状况,对自然生态系统和生物多样性造成了巨大冲击[1]。物理环境均质化、敏感物种的局部灭绝和城市适应物种的扩散促进全球物种的均质化[2]。城市绿地,如城市公园、绿化带等为野生动物提供生存空间和食物资源,是城市野生动物,特别是鸟类最主要的栖息地,具有一定的生态功能[2-3]。而校园内植被类型较为多样、绿化程度较好,植被覆盖率水平较高,是城市绿地生态系统的重要组成部分,是城市物种多样性的重要资源库[4]。有调查发现北京大学燕园以不足100 hm2的绿地和水域为170余种鸟提供了居留、繁衍、季节性栖息和迁徙停歇的场所[3]。四川农业大学在总面积约为120 hm2,绿化覆盖率达64%,绿地率为47%的雅安校区调查到67种鸟[5]。对全球300多所大学校园进行的鸟类调查显示每个校园平均有66种鸟类,包括许多特有和濒危物种[5]。
水是生物生存的必需条件,水资源对陆生动物的生存至关重要,动物的水源地条件影响物种的活动范围、节律[6]和物种间关系[7]。动物对水源地的利用会受到季节、人类干扰、捕食者的影响[7-8]。利用共同水源的食草动物也会产生竞争性排斥,特别是小型哺乳动物和鸟类会避免在大型动物出现时利用水源或减少使用的频次[9]。有研究发现沙漠地区食草动物对水源地利用表现出一定的时间分化,以减少种间冲突和被食肉动物捕食的风险[10]。但在城市设计中,水资源的使用主要从人类的生产生活角度出发,以满足社会需求和促进经济发展为主[11],城市绿地设计中水的使用则多考虑植物的影响[12],较少考虑水对维持区域鸟兽多样性的作用。
有关动物与水源关系的研究多在国家公园、自然保护区进行,涉及物种间干扰、竞争、空间或时间生态位的分化等[9],在城市化区域还未见水源对鸟兽影响等相关研究报道。我们推测生活在城市绿地的动物通常会避开那些有人类或是人类干扰大的区域;另一方面为了满足自身生存的需要,获取关键资源。城市野生动物及其栖息环境是城市生态与城市生物多样性的重要组成部分[13],校园是人类高度聚居的区域,人口密集、活动频繁,人类活动可能会对生活在其中的兽类、鸟类产生较强的干扰。大理大学古城校区鸟类资源丰富,大理大学东喜玛拉雅研究院和观鸟协会在此前系统使用结合样线法和红外相机陷阱法共记录鸟兽85种。因此本研究以大理大学古城校区为研究地点,在建筑区水源区域和非建筑区水源、非水源区域安装红外相机监测鸟兽多样性、比较不同区域的拍摄率、分析物种相似性,用核密度估计(Kernel density estimation)方法对雨旱季活动节律、日活动节律及其活动重叠度进行研究,以期进一步了解校园内水源对鸟兽物种组成和活动模式的影响、城市水源地物种生态位分化和共存机制,为城市生态建设提出建议。
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研究累计获得独立有效照片6890张,共调查到65个物种(附录),有7种哺乳动物,分别是北树鼩(Tupaia belangeri,RAI = 5.67)、云南兔(Lepus comus,RAI = 0.16)、马来豪猪(Hystrix brachyura,RAI = 0.40)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus,RAI = 10.87)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis,RAI = 0.13)、花面狸(Paguma larvata,RAI = 0.12)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula,RAI = 0.01),其中国家二级保护野生动物2种,即豹猫、黄喉貂;有58种鸟类,包括白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae,RAI = 0.40)、普通鵟(Buteo buteo,RAI = 0.04)2种国家二级保护野生动物,拍摄频率(CR)最高的四种鸟类是黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous,RAI = 12.04)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster,RAI = 4.36)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio,RAI = 6.56)、黑胸鸫(Turdus dissimilis,RAI = 14.68)。
红外相机监测发现,大理大学古城校区内人类干扰主要有行人游玩、采茶、环卫工人除草,家养的猫狗等,拍摄到独立有效照片303张,RAI = 4.37。
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建筑区水源的拍摄率最高,其次是非建筑区水源,非建筑区非水源区域的拍摄率最低(见图1A)。鸟类在建筑区水源区域物种丰富度最高,其次是非建筑区水源区域,最低的是非建筑区非水源区域。兽类在非建筑区非水源区域物种丰富度最高,其次是非建筑区水源区域,建筑区水源区域最低。鸟类的物种多样性在建筑区水源地和非建筑地水源地均高于非建筑区非水源地;兽类物种多样性在非建筑区水源地和非建筑区的非水源地均显著高于建筑区水源地(见图1BC)。
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建筑区水源区域和非建筑区水源区域的物种相似性最高(S = 73.12 %);其次是非建筑区水源区域和非建筑区非水源区域(S = 53.52 %);物种相似性最低的区域是非建筑区非水源区域和建筑区水源区域(S = 42.11 %)。在建筑区水源区域相对丰富度最高的四种鸟兽分别是黄臀鹎(RAI = 15.53)、白喉红臀鹎(RAI = 6.46)、白颊噪鹛(RAI = 9.93)、黑胸鸫(RAI = 19.00);非建筑区水源区域相对丰富度最高的四种鸟兽分别是赤腹松鼠(RAI = 30.83)、黑头奇鹛(Heterophasia desgodinsi,RAI = 7.00)、黑胸鸫(RAI = 9.75)、蓝额红尾鸲(Phoenicurus frontalis,RAI = 7.00);非建筑区非水源区域相对丰富度最高的四种鸟兽分别是马来豪猪(RAI = 6.79)、赤腹松鼠(RAI = 33.94)、白腹锦鸡(RAI = 7.31)、蓝额红尾鸲(RAI = 14.88)。
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树鼩为昼行性,雨、旱季的活动节律曲线差异不显著(Δ = 0.873,P = 0.051),雨季(RAI = 3.72)相对多度高于旱季(RAI = 1.99)。赤腹松鼠为典型昼行活动类型,雨、旱季活动节律曲线差异极显著(Δ = 0.840, P < 0.001),旱季(RAI = 6.40)的相对多度高于雨季(RAI = 4.96),旱季活动强度高峰早于雨季。四种雀形目鸟类都为昼行性,黄臀鹎的日活动时间主要集中在9:00~19:00,旱季活动高峰最先在12:00左右出现,雨季活动高峰在15:00左右出现,雨、旱季的活动节律重叠系数是0.923,日活动节律曲线差异显著(Δ = 0.923,P = 0.047),雨季(RAI = 7.30)相对多度高于旱季(RAI = 4.80)。白喉红臀鹎的活动时间主要集中在10:00~18:00,旱季活动高峰在12:00,雨季活动高峰在14:00左右,旱季的活动强度高峰早于雨季,旱季(RAI = 2.76)的相对多度高于雨季(RAI = 1.63);雨、旱季的活动节律重叠系数是0.848,日活动节律曲线差异显著(Δ = 0.848,P = 0.009)。白颊噪鹛的日活动时间主要集中在9:00~20:00,旱、雨季活动高峰分别在11:00、15:00左右,旱季的活动强度高峰早于雨季,雨、旱季的活动节律重叠系数是0.823,日活动节律曲线差异显著(Δ = 0.823,P < 0.001),旱季(RAI = 3.31)的相对多度高于雨季(RAI = 3.28)。黑胸鸫日活动时间主要集中在8:00~21:00,旱季活动高峰出现在9:00,雨季活动高峰在20:00,旱季的活动高峰早于雨季,雨季(RAI = 9.09)的相对多度高于雨季(RAI = 5.67),雨、旱季的活动节律重叠系数是0.853,日活动节律曲线差异极显著(Δ = 0.853,P < 0.001)(见图2)。
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赤腹松鼠与白颊噪鹛(Δ = 0.948,P = 0.361),树鼩与赤腹松鼠(Δ = 0.929,P = 0.096)以及树鼩与白颊噪鹛(Δ = 0.919,P = 0.064)之间日活动节律差异不显著。其它各个类群之间日活动节律差异显著(0.686 < Δ < 0.906),人类活动和各个动物类群的日活动节律重叠程度较低且活动节律差异显著(0.613 < Δ < 0.783)(见表1)。
类群 黄臀鹎 黑胸鸫 白颊噪鹛 白喉红臀鹎 树鼩 赤腹松鼠 黑胸鸫 0.794( < 0.001) 白颊噪鹛 0.906(0.004) 0.888( < 0.001) 白喉红臀鹎 0.891(0.001) 0.686( < 0.001) 0.798( < 0.001) 树鼩 0.893(0.003) 0.859( < 0.001) 0.919(0.064) 0.793( < 0.001) 赤腹松鼠 0.895( < 0.001) 0.886( < 0.001) 0.948(0.361) 0.794( < 0.001) 0.929(0.096) 人类活动 0.679( < 0.001) 0.783( < 0.001) 0.719( < 0.001) 0.613( < 0.001) 0.715( < 0.001) 0.738( < 0.001) Table 1. Overlapping degree of various group activities
Diversity and Activity Rhythm of Birds and Mammals in Water Source of University Campus
doi: 10.12172/202208220003
- Received Date: 2022-08-22
- Available Online: 2023-03-04
- Publish Date: 2023-06-25
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Key words:
- Infrared camera /
- Urban green space /
- Water source /
- Birds and animals diversity /
- Activity rhythm
Abstract: Water supply affects the diversity and behavior of animals, but the influence of water sources on animals is rarely considered in urban green space planning. In order to study the influence of water sources on animal diversity and activities in urban green spaces, from February 2018 to August 2019, we used 4 camera traps near ponds and other water sources and 3 trigger infrared cameras in areas without water sources in Dali University, to monitor and analyze the differences of species diversity, activity rhythm between rainy and dry seasons and activity rhythm of different species. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 58 species of birds and 6 species of mammals were recorded in this survey, and the capture rate and bird species diversity in water source areas were higher than those in non-water source areas. The mammal diversity in water source ares and non-water resourc ares of non-construciton area was higher than that in construction area. (2) The six species of birds and mammals with relatively high abundance were Tupaia belangeri, Callosciurus erythraeus, Pycnonotus xanthorrhous, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Garrulax sannio, Turdus dissimilis. The nuclear density estimation analysis showed that the peak activity of all species in dry season was earlier than that in rainy season. Estimation analysis revealed that all species’ peak activity occurred earlier in the dry season than in the rainy season, with no significant differences in Tupaia belangeri’s daily activity rhythm in rainy saeson and dry season, but significant differences in the daily activity rhythm of other animal groups in rainy season and dry season. (3) There was no significant differences in daily activity rhythm among Tupaia belangeri, Callosciurus erythraeus and Garrulax sannio, but the daily activity rhythm of other species overlapped to a moderate or higher degree, but the daily activity rhythm was significantly different. The daily activity rhythms of human beings and six kinds of birds and mammals overlapped to a low degree, and the activity rhythms were significantly different. There was a low degree of daily activity rhythms overlap between humans and six birds and mammal species, and there was a significant difference in activity rhythm. The study proved that the utilization of water resources by animals was affected by demand and interference from other species and humans. It suggests that the use of water resources by animals should be considered in the design and management of green space such as campus in the future.