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樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)为樟科樟属的常绿大乔木,是我国Ⅱ级保护植物和特有树种,可根据其枝叶所含的精油主成分分为脑樟、龙脑樟、芳樟、柠檬樟等化学型,其中主含芳樟醇的樟树为芳樟[1]。芳樟醇是重要的天然香料,有“香料之王”的美称,广泛用于医药、除臭剂、抗龋齿剂、催化剂和抗菌剂等领域,发展前景广阔[2]。以芳樟为香料原料林采用矮林密植、一年一次或两年三次采伐、割取枝叶提取精油,这种模式每年会定期采伐,把大量枝叶带走,同时裸露出的地表会遭到雨水冲刷、侵蚀,这些因素会造成土壤肥力衰退,影响樟树生长,且樟树绝大多数种植于长江以南的东南丘陵地带,土壤因淋溶作用多发育为贫瘠的红黄壤,使得樟树生长迟滞、枝叶稀疏,因此科学的施肥方法将对芳樟树林培育和生产起着科学的指导作用[3]。当前大量研究表明,不同类型和浓度的施肥对植物的萌芽及成枝数有一定的促进作用。张薇[4]等在水肥控制和截干对香椿萌芽和芽菜产量的影响研究中心发现,有机肥能够对芽直径和芽长的增长产生极显著的影响,实验50、70 d时,除有机肥为0.50kg·株−1时,香椿的单株芽菜产量有所降低外,其总趋势是随着有机肥的增加而增加,而且0.25、0.50 kg·株−1的产量都显著地高于不施有机肥的(P50 d=0.001<0.01,P70 d=0.013<0.05),进一步说明有机肥显著地提高香椿的单株芽菜产量。孙国平[5]在不同施肥水平对樟树幼林生长相关性的研究中发现,樟树在幼林生长阶段最适合以0.35 kg·株−1水平施用复合肥,但综合樟树的实际特点,在对樟树开展0.25 kg·株−1施肥会更适合其生长,不仅能够使幼苗在树叶、树枝等方面达到高产,在各方面的经济效益也较高。其最终结果显示,复合肥施用量增大生物量也随之提高,但施用高浓度复合肥与施用中等浓度复合肥的樟树幼苗生物量差别不显著。但目前关于芳樟矮林施用复合肥方面内容研究较少,因此以4年生芳樟矮林为研究对象,研究复合肥的使用量对芳樟矮林株高、枝粗、生物量、精油分布规律等的影响,以期为芳樟矮林的高效栽培提供理论依据。
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由表1所示,施用复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条数有促进作用,各处理芳樟矮林枝条数高于对照(F0)。F5处理枝条数最多(3.00个),对照芳樟矮林枝条数最少(1.67个),但各处理芳樟矮林枝条数与对照差异不显著,各处理之间也差异不显著,表明施用复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条数有一定的促进作用,但效果并不明显。
处理 Treatment 枝条数 Branches number 枝条长度/cm Branch length /cm 枝条粗度/mm Branch diameter /mm F0 1.67±0.46a 206.35±13.23c 21.24±1.01c F1 2.33±0.36a 225.31±17.17a 27.89±3.23ab F2 2.33±0.36a 219.58±13.63ab 30.35±2.77ab F3 2.00±0.36a 224.93±12.67a 27.76±1.91ab F4 3.00±0.04a 217.70±18.92ab 32.21±0.49a F5 2.28±0.08a 212.06±1.90bc 24.63±0.58bc 注: 表中同一列字母依据邓肯新复极差P<0.05检测标准。下同。 Note: the letters in the same column in the table are based on Duncan's new detection standard of repolarization difference p < 0.05. The same below. Table 1. Effects of compound fertilizer application on branch growth of Cinnamomum. camphora dwarf forest (mean ± S.E., the same below)
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(1)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条长度的影响
由表1所示,芳樟矮林枝条长度在不同复合肥施用量间表现出一定的差异性,施用一定量复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条长度有显著促进作用,随着复合肥施用量的增加总体上呈先增大后减少的趋势。F1、F2、F3、F4处理枝条长度差异不显著,显著大于对照(F0),F5处理枝条长度与对照差异不显著。芳樟矮林枝条长度最大的是F1和F3处理,分别为225.32 cm和224.93 cm,其次是F2和F4处理,分别为219.58 cm和217.70 cm,最小的是对照(206.35 cm)。与对照相比较,F1、F2、F3、F4和F5处理枝条长度分别增长了9.19%、6.41%、9.00%、5.50%和2.76%,表明施用一定量的复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条长度有明显促进作用,但不宜过量,施肥量12.5~100 g·株−1显著促进芳樟矮林枝条长度。
(2)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条粗度的影响
由表1所示,施用复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条粗度的影响与枝条长度相似,即随着复合肥施用量的增加,芳樟矮林枝条粗度呈先增大后减小的趋势。F4处理芳樟矮林枝条粗度显著大于其他处理和对照;F1、F2和F3处理差异不显著,大于F5处理,显著大于对照;F5处理大于对照,但之间差异不显著。F4处理时,芳樟矮林枝条粗度最大(32.21 mm),其次是F1、F2和F3处理,对照芳樟矮林枝条粗度最小(21.24 mm)。与对照相比较,F1、F2、F3、F4和F5处理芳樟矮林枝条粗度分别增大了31.31%、42.88%、30.71%、51.65%和15.95%,表明施用一定量的复合肥对芳樟矮林枝条粗度有明显促进作用,但不宜过量,100 g·株−1复合肥促进枝条增粗效果最好。
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(1)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株鲜重的影响
由表2所示,施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株鲜重有显著促进作用,单株鲜重随复合肥施用量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。F4处理芳樟矮林单株鲜重最大(2971.11 g),显著大于其他处理和对照(1309.40 g);其次是F2处理(2540.13 g)和F3处理(2568.69 g),与F4处理差异不显著,显著大于F1、F5处理和对照;F1和F5处理差异不显著,显著大于对照。因此,施用复合肥显著促进芳樟矮林单株鲜重,其中施用100 g·株−1复合肥效果最好,超过100 g·株−1施用量单株鲜重显著下降。
处理
Treatment单株鲜重/g
Fresh weight per plant /g单株叶鲜重/g
Fresh leaf weight per plant /g单株小枝鲜重/g
Fresh weight per twig /g单株主枝鲜重/g
Fresh weight of main branch per plant /gF0 1309.40±288.87c 552.77±117.30d 345.48±87.30b 411.15±77.37c F1 1815.53±295.11b 649.72±109.87cd 413.99±69.87b 751.82±89.87b F2 2540.15±253.74ab 785.31±90.99bc 632.20±90.99a 1122.65±60.99a F3 2568.29±139.47ab 886.15±81.35ab 634.13±81.35a 1048.01±84.56ab F4 2971.12±261.66a 951.35±72.39a 776.89±72.39a 1224.88±87.15a F5 2088.65±162.16b 586.01±64.36d 691.54±34.36a 811.10±45.69b Table 2. Effects of compound fertilizer application on biomass of C. camphora dwarf forest
(2)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重的影响
由表2所示,芳樟矮林平均单株生物量在不同复合肥施用量间表现出一定的差异性,芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重随着复合肥施用量的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。F2、F3、F4处理显著大于F0、F5,F0处理芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重最小,为552.77 g,F4处理芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重最大,为951.35 g,比F0处理高出72.11%。F5处理单株叶鲜重仅为586.01 g,仅高出F0处理6.01%。表明施用一定量的复合肥对芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重显著促进作用,过量施肥会抑制芳樟矮林单株叶鲜重。
(2)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株小枝鲜重的影响
由表2所示,F4处理单株小枝最大(776.89 g),与F2、F3和F5处理差异不显著,显著大于F1处理(413.99 g)和对照(345.48 g),F1处理和对照差异不显著。因此,施用一定量的复合肥对芳樟矮林单株小枝鲜重有促进作用,当施肥量少(12.5 g/株)时效果不明显,过度施肥(200 g/株)单株小枝鲜重下降,施用100 g·株−1复合肥效果最好。
(4)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株主枝鲜重的影响
由表2所示,施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株主枝鲜重有显著促进作用,单株主枝鲜重随复合肥施用量的增加总体呈先增后减的趋势。各处理单株主枝鲜重均显著大于对照(411.15 g),其中F4和F2单株主枝鲜重较大,分别为1242.88 g和1122.65 g,大于F3处理(1048.01 g),显著大于F1(751.82 g)和 F5处理(811.10 g),F1和F5处理之间差异不显著。因此,施用一定量的复合肥(12.5~100 g·株−1)对芳樟矮林单株主枝鲜重有促进作用,过度施肥(200 g·株−1)单株主枝鲜重下降,施用100 g·株−1复合肥效果最好。
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(1)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林叶片得油率的影响
由表3所示,各处理芳樟矮林单株叶片得油率变幅在2.12~2.19%,之间差异不显著,各处理单株叶片得油率与对照(2.18%)差异也不显著,表明施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株叶片得油率的影响不明显。
处理
Treatment单株叶片得油率/%
Oil yield per plant /%单株小枝得油率/%
Oil yield per twig /%单株主枝得油率/%
Oil yield per main branch /%F0 2.178±0.184a 0.233±0.028a 0.032±0.008c F1 2.192±0.144a 0.230±0.027a 0.037±0.009bc F2 2.238±0.119a 0.265±0.021a 0.040±0.007abc F3 2.163±0.257a 0.238±0.021a 0.049±0.006ab F4 2.263±0.153a 0.230±0.040a 0.051±0.002a F5 2.123±0.248a 0.210±0.039a 0.050±0.009ab Table 3. Effects of compound fertilizer application on oil rate of C. camphora dwarf forest
(2)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林小枝得油率的影响
由表3所示,施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株小枝得油率的影响与叶片相似,各处理芳樟矮林单株小枝得油率变幅在0.21~0.26%,之间差异不显著,各处理单株小枝得油率与对照(0.23%)差异也不显著,表明施用复合肥对芳樟矮林单株小枝得油率影响也不明显,施用量过大反而会抑制芳樟矮林单株小枝得油率的积累。
(3)施用复合肥对芳樟矮林主枝得油率的影响
由表3所示,芳樟矮林单株主枝得油率在不同复合肥施用量间存在一定的差异性,芳樟矮林单株主枝得油率随着复合肥施用量的增加而增大。F3、F4和F5处理单株主枝得油率较高,之间差异不显著,高于F1和F2处理,显著高于对照,F1和F2处理单株主枝得油率高于对照,但与对照差异不显著。这说明施用复合肥能显著提高芳樟矮林主枝得油率,施用50~100 g·株−1促进效果明显。
Influence of Compound Fertilizer Application Rate on Growth and Oil Yield of Cinnamomum camphora Dwarf Forest
doi: 10.12172/202112260002
- Received Date: 2021-12-26
- Available Online: 2022-07-21
- Publish Date: 2022-10-26
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Key words:
- Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest /
- Compound fertilizer /
- Biomass /
- Oil yield
Abstract: Under the dwarf forest cultivation mode of Cinnamomum camphora, cutting down branches and leaves once a year or three times every two years to extract essential oil would lead to the decline of soil fertility, especially the serious loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.. In order to provide technical support for fertilization of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest, 4-year-old Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest was used as material to study the effects of compound fertilizer application (0 g per plant, 12.5 g per plant, 25 g per plant, 50 g per plant, 100 g per plant, 200 g per plant) on growth and oil yield of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest. The results showed that the application of compound fertilizer could significantly promote the length and diameter of sprouts in Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest. The application of 100 g per plant compound fertilizer had a significant effect on the length and diameter of sprouts, but had no effect on the sprouting number of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest. Applying 25-100 g per plant compound fertilizer could significantly promote the fresh weight of single plant, fresh weight of single leaf, fresh weight of single twig and fresh weight of single main branch of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest, among which application of 100 g per plant compound fertilizer had the best effect. The application of compound fertilizer had no significant effect on the oil yield of single leaf and twig of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest, but the oil yield of main branch increased with the increase of application amount of compound fertilizer. Therefore, the application of compound fertilizer can promote the yield of essential oil per unit area by promoting the biomass of Cinnamomum camphora dwarf forest, and the optimal application amount of compound fertilizer is 100 g per plant.