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微生物在土壤里的种类是十分复杂的,数量大,种类多,据有些学者估算,在1 g的土壤中就有10亿个微生物个体数量,细菌种类更是不计其数,至少有数万种[1-2]。由于土壤微环境和物质组成的复杂性,所以土壤微生物多样性丰富,主要体现在结构、功能、遗传和物种等四个方面[3-4]。而影响土壤微生物多样性的因素也有很多,本文主要通过阅读国内外相关文献从水分、土壤pH值、温度、植被类型、土壤类型、颗粒大小、耕作制度和施肥措施等方面来分析土壤微生物多样性的变化情况。目前,土壤微生物的一些相关研究已经成为近些年来土壤生态学研究的热门和前沿学科,开展这方面的研究具有重大意义,最近几年,由于人类对土地资源的过度开发利用和环境污染越来越严重,导致土壤中微生物多样性也遭到了极大的破坏,我们可以通过对土壤微生物多样性的研究来评估和预测土壤的质量、肥力等变化情况,同时也能进一步探讨土壤地表上优势种群的功能,为土地资源在开发利用和可持续方面提供一些理论依据,还可以对其在生态中发挥的作用有一个认知和了解[5-6]。
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