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森林生态系统对于全球生态系统的稳定发挥着巨大的作用。喜阴耐湿的苔藓层和森林枯落物一起覆盖在林地表面,形成地被层,也称森林土壤的保护层,它是森林生态系统密不可分的一部分。森林地被层通过吸持水分、增加土壤入渗、截留降水、阻延地表径流、提供土壤养分、改良土壤结构等维持森林生态系统的结构稳定和促进森林生态系统的功能发挥,因此,森林地被层便成为生态学家、水文学家、植物学家、土壤学家的重点关注领域[1-2]。许多研究表明[3-4],森林地被物具有拦沙蓄水的功效,能够稳定土壤结构、减小洪灾。在山区,森林地被层的水源涵养、水土保持功能是防洪减灾功能发挥的前提,林下地被层水文的研究显得更为重要、更为迫切[5-6]。
森林地被层是连接大气、土壤、植被的界面,其水文过程是植被的生长、恢复及保持生态系统稳定的关键过程,有利于维持山地生态系统的安全。根据国内外现有森林地被层水文研究成果,阐述森林地被层水文过程,分析生物因素、环境因素、气候因素在森林地被层中作用机制,概括其蓄水保土、净化水质功能,总结当前研究中亟需解决的问题,提出该领域未来研究重点,为森林地被层水文研究提供参考。
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