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容器育苗技术是苗木培育的新型技术手段,而根据树种生物学特性选择适合的容器类型和规格是培育良种壮苗的基础条件[1-3]。如薄壳山核桃以大规格(30×40 cm)美植袋培育苗木质量最优,红豆树、浙江楠和浙江樟苗木培育以18×20 cm规格容器最为适宜,赤皮青冈苗木以20×20 cm规格容器培育最为适合[4, 5]。桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)为樟科(Lauraceae)楠属(Pheobe),是我国特有珍贵树种,为国家二级保护植物,主要分布于四川、湖北、重庆、贵州、湖北及云南等地,在广东、福建、浙江有引种栽培[6-7]。桢楠的材质坚硬致密,纹理优美,香味独特,是一种高档的名贵木材,是上等建筑、家具及工艺雕刻等优质用材,而且桢楠树干通直,树姿优美,也是优良的庭院观赏和城市绿化树种[8-10]。目前,有关桢楠相关研究主要集中在育苗基质[8,9]、苗木分级[11-12]、生长特性[13-14] 、木材材质[15]研究方面。桢楠容器育苗技术相关研究相对较少,而容器育苗具有苗木质量易于控制、造林成活率高等优势,是培育桢楠良种壮苗的较佳选择。鉴于此,为更好的为生产造林提供优质桢楠苗木,提高造林成效,本研究拟通过比较不同类型和规格的容器对桢楠幼苗生长的影响,以期为桢楠良种壮苗培育筛选适宜的容器类型及规格提供理论依据。
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苗高与地径两者均是评价苗木生长的重要指标,通过其动态变化过程可以体现出植物的生长势。通过表1 可知,容器类型和规格对桢楠1年生幼苗生长无显著影响。2年生时,在不同容器类型和规格的作用下,各处理苗高存在显著差异,在后续生长阶段也基本保持着相同的差异水平。苗高的差异水平表明,相较于不同容器规格,苗高生长受容器类型的差异影响更大,整体上无纺布容器类型显著优于其他两种容器类型,而塑料育苗袋又显著优于黑色蜂窝袋。
容器类型Container type 容器规格Container size 苗高Seedling height 1年生 2年生 无纺布 5 cm × 10 cm (18.2±5.4) Aa (70.44±11.2) ABa 6 cm × 10 cm (18.5±4.1)Aa (70.91±12.4) Aa 8 cm × 12 cm (17.8±3.6) Aa (65.98±8.9) ABCDa 10 cm × 12 cm (17.9±3.8) Aa (67.6±7.6) ABCa 塑料育苗袋 5 cm × 10 cm (18.4±3.2) Aa (60.35±7.4) DEa 6 cm × 10 cm (17.4±4.0) Aa (61.26±6.8) DEa 8 cm × 12 cm (18.2±4.1) Aa (62.65±6.8) CDEa 10 cm × 15 cm (18.7±3.4) Aa (64.5±7.2) BCDEa 黑色蜂窝袋 5 cm × 10 cm (18.2±3.1) Aa (41.17±8.2) Fb 6 cm × 10 cm (17.8±3.5) Aa (34.11±7.9) Gc 8 cm × 12 cm (19.9±3.3) Aa (59.33±8.4) Ea 10 cm × 12 cm (18.6±3.1) Aa (65.09±8.9) ABCDEa 注: 同列不同小写字母表示相同容器类型不同规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) ,同列不同大写字母表示容器类型及规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05)。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different sizes of container with the same type (P ˂ 0.05), different capital letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different container sizes and types (P ˂ 0.05).Table 1. Height changes of Phoebe zhennan seedlings cultivated with different container types and sizes
由于苗高和地径的生长节律不一致,地径的速生期与苗高不同,导致各处理之间地径差异变化也不同于苗高,由表2可知地径间差异在第一年中就会体现出来,并且会在随后的速生阶段中逐渐变大,最后在2年生的生长末期逐渐稳定。另外,在 3 种容器类型中,较大规格容器地径生长基本均优于较小规格容器,说明容器的规格越大,越有利于地径生长,而在同规格不同容器类型的比较中,地径生长基本无显著差异,说明地径的生长受到容器规格的影响更大,这是苗高生长和地径生长之间的另一项重要差异。
容器类型
Container type容器规格Container size 地径Seedling caliper 1年生 2年生 无纺布 5 cm × 10 cm (1.9±0.6) Ec (6.5±1.2) CDb 6 cm × 10 cm (2.1±0.6) CDEbc (7.3±1.6) ABCab 8 cm × 12 cm (2.3±0.5) BCDEab (6.8±1.0) CDb 10 cm × 12 cm (2.5±0.4) ABCa (7.7±1.3) ABa 塑料育苗袋 5 cm × 10 cm (2.3±0.6) BCDc (6.1±1.0) Db 6 cm × 10 cm (2.5±0.4) Abc (6.6±1.0) CDb 8 cm × 12 cm (2.9±0.5) Aa (6.3±1.1) Db 10 cm × 15 cm (2.8±0.5) Aab (8.0±1.4) Aa 黑色蜂窝袋 5 cm × 10 cm (1.9±0.2) DEc (4.3±1.0) Ec 6 cm × 10 cm (2.2±0.2) BCDEbc (4.8±1.0) Ec 8 cm × 12 cm (2.5±0.4) ABCab (6.2±1.1) Db 10 cm × 12 cm (2.7±0.4) Aa (7.1±1.3) BCa 注: 同列不同小写字母表示相同容器类型不同规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) ,同列不同大写字母表示容器类型及规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) 。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different sizes of container with the same type (P ˂ 0.05), different capital letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different container sizes and types (P ˂ 0.05).Table 2. Ground diameter changes of Phoebe zhennan seedlings cultivated with different container types and sizes
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由表3 可知,容器类型和容器规格以及两者的交互作用均对苗高、地径影响极显著( P<0.01) 。由表4 可知,在无纺布中,地径以10×12 cm规格和6×10 cm规格较优,其地径显著高于其他两种规格,以10×12 cm规格地径最大为7.7 mm;苗高以6×10 cm规格和5×10 cm规格较优,但四种规格苗高无显著差距,以6×10 cm规格最大为70.91 cm。在塑料育苗袋中,苗高、地径均以10×15 cm规格较优,分别为64.50 cm和8 mm,两者均显著高于其他三种规格;在黑色蜂窝袋中,苗高和地径的情况于塑料育苗袋很相似,都是最大规格的苗高地径较高,地径、苗高分别为65.09 cm和7.1 mm,显著高于其他三种规格。
指标Index 容器类型
Container type容器规格
Container size交互作用
InteractionF F F 苗高Height 131.98** 24.46** 28.24** 地径Caliper 46.8** 37.89** 5.87** 注:**表示在显著性水平α为0.01的情况下,组别之间存在显著影响。
Note: ** mean significant difference at the level of 0.01.Table 3. Two-factor variance analysis of the effects of different container types and sizes on seedling height and ground diameter in 2 years
容器类型Container type 容器规格
Container size地径Caliper 苗高Height 无纺布 5 cm × 10 cm (6.5±1.2) CDb (70.44±11.2) ABa 6 cm × 10 cm (7.3±1.6) ABCab (70.91±12.4) Aa 8 cm × 12 cm (6.8±1.0) CDb (65.98±8.9) ABCDa 10 cm × 12 cm (7.7±1.3) ABa (67.60±7.6) ABCa 塑料育苗袋 5 cm × 10 cm (6.1±1.0) Db (60.35±7.4) DEa 6 cm × 10 cm (6.6±1.0) CDb (61.26±6.8) DEa 8 cm × 12 cm (6.3±1.1) Db (62.65±6.8) CDEa 10 cm × 15 cm (8.0±1.4) Aa (64.50±7.2) BCDEa 黑色蜂窝袋 5 cm × 10 cm (4.3±1.0) Ec (41.17±8.2) Fb 6 cm × 10 cm (4.8±1.0) Ec (34.11±7.9) Gc 8 cm × 12 cm (6.2±1.1) Db (59.33±8.4) Ea 10 cm × 12 cm (7.1±1.3) BCa (65.09±8.9) ABCDEa 注: 同列不同小写字母表示相同容器类型不同规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) ,同列不同大写字母表示容器类型及规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) 。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different sizes of container with the same type (P ˂ 0.05), different capital letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different container sizes and types (P ˂ 0.05).Table 4. Comparison of seedling height and ground diameter of seedlings cultivated with different container types and specifications for 2 years
在整体上根据容器类型和规格综合分析,除了无纺布的苗高以6×10 cm、5×10 cm规格较优以外,塑料育苗袋和黑色蜂窝袋的苗高、地径均以最大规格较优。其中,10×15 cm规格塑料育苗袋地径为所有处理中最大,为8.0 mm,6×10 cm规格无纺布苗高为所有处理中最大,为70.91 cm。
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桢楠幼苗生长的单个指标值只能反映幼苗生长的某个侧面,苗木质量评价中多采用综合指标来评价苗木生长的优劣,即苗木高径比。高径比体现了苗木高度和粗度的平衡关系, 是反映苗木抗性及造林成活率的较好指标,一般高径比越小,说明苗木越矮越壮,抗性强,造林成活率高[16]。由表5可知,容器类型、容器规格和两者的交互作用均对高径比影响极显著。
指标Index 容器类型Container type 容器规格Container size 交互作用Interaction F F F 高径比Height/caliper 12.14** 25.79** 11.6** 注:**表示在显著性水平α为0.01的情况下,组别之间存在显著影响。
Note: ** mean significant difference at the level of 0.01.Table 5. Two- factor variance analysis of the effects of different container types and sizes on height-diameter ratio of 2-year seedlings
由表6可知,在无纺布容器类型中,高径比以10×12 cm规格较优,为8.9, 显著低于其他三种规格;在塑料育苗袋容器类型中,高径比同样以最大规格较优,10×15 cm规格的高径比为8.2,且与其他三种规格有显著差异。在黑色蜂窝袋容器类型中,6×10 cm规格的高径比7.1最优,显著低于其他三种规格。
容器类型 容器规格 高径比 无纺布 5 cm × 10 cm (10.8±1.5) Aa 6 cm × 10 cm (9.9±1.2) ABb 8 cm × 12 cm (9.8±1.0) Bb 10 cm × 12 cm (8.9±1.2) CDc 塑料育苗袋 5 cm × 10 cm (10.0±0.9) ABa 6 cm × 10 cm (9.4±1.1) BCa 8 cm × 12 cm (10.2±1.5) ABa 10 cm × 15 cm (8.2±1.0) Db 黑色蜂窝袋 5 cm × 10 cm (9.7±1.4) BCa 6 cm × 10 cm (7.1±1.3) Eb 8 cm × 12 cm (9.8±1.4) Ba 10 cm × 12 cm (9.3±1.3) BCa 注: 同列不同小写字母表示相同容器类型不同规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) ,同列不同大写字母表示容器类型及规格之间差异显著( P ˂ 0.05) 。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different sizes of container with the same type (P ˂ 0.05), different capital letters in the same list indicate significant difference between different container sizes and types (P ˂ 0.05).Table 6. Height-diameter ratio at 2-year-old seedlings cultivated with different container types and sizes
在整体上根据容器类型和规格综合分析,高径比以6×10 cm规格黑色蜂窝袋7.1的高径比为12种处理中最优,要显著低于所有类型和规格的组合; 其次以10×15 cm规格塑料育苗袋和10×12 cm规格无纺布较优,高径比分别为8.2和8.9,要显著低于其它大部分类型和规格的组合。
Effect of Container Types and Sizes on the Growth of Phoebe zhennan Seedlings
doi: 10.12172/202106250001
- Received Date: 2021-06-25
- Available Online: 2021-10-18
- Publish Date: 2021-12-10
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Key words:
- Phoebe zhennan /
- Container type /
- Container size /
- Growth characteristics
Abstract: In order to explore the response mode of Phoebe Zhennan seedling growth to container types and sizes, a two-factor (container type and container size) experimental design was carried out in this study. 1-year-old Phoebe zhennan seedlings were selected as the research object, and the height of seedlings and ground diameter were measured at the end of the growing season, and the ratio of height to diameter was calculated, so as to screen the suitable container type and size for the cultivation of improved Phoebe zhennan seedlings. The results showed that the growth of seedling height was more affected by container type, while the growth of ground diameter was more restricted by container size. The seedling height and ground diameter produced by the 10 × 15 cm plastic seedling bag were higher, and the height to diameter ratio was significantly lower than that of most other types and sizes (P<0.05). Consequently, considering the growth quality and economic benefits of seedlings comprehensively, it is recommended to choose 10 × 15 cm plastic seedling bags in actual production and application to cultivate improved varieties and strong seedlings.