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Cheng Y S, Zhou G H, Wang W D, et al. Analysis of plant growth and flowering phenology of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis propagated by rhizomes[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(5): 102−106 doi: 10.12172/202105080003
Citation: Cheng Y S, Zhou G H, Wang W D, et al. Analysis of plant growth and flowering phenology of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis propagated by rhizomes[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(5): 102−106 doi: 10.12172/202105080003

Analysis of Plant Growth and Flowering Phenology of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis Propagated by Rhizomes


doi: 10.12172/202105080003
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  • Received Date: 2021-05-08
    Available Online: 2021-09-02
  • Publish Date: 2021-09-30
  • In order to solve the problem of shortage of high-quality provenances of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis over 4 years old were used as the experimental materials, and the growth and flowering phenology of aboveground parts were observed in the third year after planting, and the differences between wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis plants were studied. The observation results showed that: the minimum number of days in the whole flowering period was 45d, and the maximum number was 83d, resulting in significant differences. The difference between the height of the superior plants and the diameter of stem base increased by 118.42% and 128.57%, respectively, compared with that of the lowest plants. Plant fruiting rate was less than 50%, and the difference of average diameter of fruits was 68.55% higher than that of the lowest. The number of seeds was singular, and the difference of the number of seeds per fruit increased by 1 425% compared with the least. In addition, it began to blossom after March 22nd, and plant height and stem basal diameter growth increased the most at the flowering stage of 55−64 d. It indicated that there was a great difference between flowering stage and aboveground plant growth.. Therefore, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara could not be directly used as the mother plant of seedling cultivation and seed collection, but must be artificially screened manually.
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  • [1] 李恒. 重楼属植物[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 1998, 33-41.
    [2] 王鹏程,杨振容,裴 锋,等. 野生华重楼驯化栽培技术[J]. 贵州农业科学,2018,46(1):90−93. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2018.01.024
    [3] 张金渝,虞泓,张时刚,等. 滇重楼与华重楼的野生驯化和繁殖技术研究[J]. 西南农业学报,2004,17(3):314−317. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4829.2004.03.010
    [4] 李运昌. 重楼属的引种栽培的研究[J]. 云南植物研究,1982,4(4):429−431.
    [5] 田雪丽,梁玉勇. 地道中药材华重楼的有性制种新技术[J]. 农业科技通讯,2017(12):309−311. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6400.2017.12.110
    [6] 姜美杰,童 凯,闫 燊,等. 华重楼种子预处理对其萌发特性的影响[J]. 种子,2017,36(4):28−31.
    [7] 谷海燕,谢孔平,张国珍,等. 促进华重楼种子快速萌发因素的研究[J]. 时珍国医国药,2015,26(11):2774−2776.
    [8] 刘银花,王跃华,唐 旭,等. 华重楼植株的快速繁殖研究[J]. 中草药,2015,46(19):2925−2931. doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2015.19.018
    [9] 任永权,田茂美,李娇梅,等. 促进华重楼种子萌发和出苗的技术研究[J]. 种子,2015,34(6):88−91.
    [10] 王跃华,刘银花,陈 燕,等. 华重楼种子休眠解除及愈伤组织诱导[J]. 江苏农业科学,2015,43(6):223−225.
    [11] 360七叶一枝花 [EBOL]. [2021—04-21]. https://baike.so.com/doc/4751982-4967329.html
    [12] 尹芳园,赵铮,侯秀丽,等. 人工栽培条件下滇重楼生长发育过程观察[J]. 江苏农业科学,2015,43(10):312−316.
    [13] 李永清,乔锋. 华重楼种苗繁殖与仿野生栽培试验[J]. 福建农业科技,2019(1):56−58.
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Analysis of Plant Growth and Flowering Phenology of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis Propagated by Rhizomes

doi: 10.12172/202105080003
  • Natural Resources and Planning Bureau of Suichang County, Suichang 323300, China

Abstract: In order to solve the problem of shortage of high-quality provenances of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis over 4 years old were used as the experimental materials, and the growth and flowering phenology of aboveground parts were observed in the third year after planting, and the differences between wild Paris polyphylla var. chinensis plants were studied. The observation results showed that: the minimum number of days in the whole flowering period was 45d, and the maximum number was 83d, resulting in significant differences. The difference between the height of the superior plants and the diameter of stem base increased by 118.42% and 128.57%, respectively, compared with that of the lowest plants. Plant fruiting rate was less than 50%, and the difference of average diameter of fruits was 68.55% higher than that of the lowest. The number of seeds was singular, and the difference of the number of seeds per fruit increased by 1 425% compared with the least. In addition, it began to blossom after March 22nd, and plant height and stem basal diameter growth increased the most at the flowering stage of 55−64 d. It indicated that there was a great difference between flowering stage and aboveground plant growth.. Therefore, the rhizomes of wild Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara could not be directly used as the mother plant of seedling cultivation and seed collection, but must be artificially screened manually.

  • 华重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara),异名七叶一枝花,分布于江苏、浙江、江西、福建等地,是重要的药用植物,已被中华人民共和国药典收录[1-3]。由于对生长条件有特殊要求以及生长缓慢和繁殖困难等原因,加上滥挖乱采,致使野生华重楼已濒于绝迹。为此,有人在上世纪80年代就开始对重楼的引种驯化和人工栽培技术进行研究[4],但在种苗繁育的研究方面主要集中于对现有种子的萌发与出苗[5-10],对如何挑选优株、培育采种基地尚鲜有报道,所以,本文试图通过观察人工种植重楼的开花期和地上部分的生长量,研究华重楼野生种群个体用于根茎繁殖的表现差异,旨在为华重楼采种基地建设中优良植株的选择提供理论依据和技术指导。

    • 试验区位于遂昌县妙高街道,地理坐标:东经119°16′29″,北纬28°35′21″;海拔241 m;属亚热带季风气候区,温暖湿润,四季分明,雨量充沛,年平均气温15.5 ℃~17 ℃,极端最高气温40.1 ℃,极端最低气温−7 ℃;无霜期251 d;年平均降水量1 550~1 750 mm。试验地设在香榧基地中,结合遮阳网遮阴,采用无纺布容器种植,小地名为螺蛳垵,面积0.35hm2,坡向朝北,水平带整地,坡位下坡,海拔在 230~245 m,土壤红壤,土层厚度在 60~70 cm,地势平缓,林下土壤富含有机质,疏松肥沃,香榧平均胸径6 cm,平均树高2.4 m,林分郁闭度在0.5~0.6之间。

    • 由该县金竹镇采集4年生以上的野生华重楼根茎,选择带顶芽、健康、无病虫害根茎,切下有芽头的根茎5 cm左右,用草木灰拌撒在切口表面进行消毒后作为供试种苗,于2017年秋冬季节,开始造畦整地,2018年3月开沟种植,行距 30 cm,株距 20 cm,栽植时,将种苗放入穴内,让根系舒展开再覆土,覆土高度与畦面持平,覆土时不能用力过猛,以防细嫩的种苗损伤,然后浇1次定根水。进行仿野生管理,以3年生的华重楼为调查对象。

    • 2019年8月,在试验地中心位置,随机选取17株生长健壮、无病虫害的华重楼作为调查样株,并进行挂牌编号,2020年3月7日开始,每天对出苗的华重楼进行开花观察,记录每株植株的展花期、初花期、盛花期、枯花期;2020年7月25日(7月26日进入倒苗初期[2]),逐株调查植株高、叶下茎干高、茎干基径,2020年9月20日,调查果实直径(横径+纵径/2)和每个种实中种子的数量。测量植株高、叶下茎干高工具用 300 cm 的钢卷尺;测量茎干基径和果实直径用游标卡尺。

    2.   结果与分析
    • 通过物候观察,17株样株其中有2株为营养生长,当年未开花,现将正常开花的15株开花物候整理成表,见表1

      样株号展花期初花期盛花期枯花期花期
      日期天数日期天数日期天数日期天数天数
      13.22104.0234.05234.28 945
      23.25124.0634.09194.282155
      33.17 43.2123.23334.251352
      43.14 93.2333.26395.042374
      53.11 73.1833.21505.10 969
      63.17103.2723.29495.171071
      73.20144.0354.08495.27 472
      83.12103.2233.25575.21 575
      93.13113.2433.27515.17 873
      103.10 83.1833.21435.031367
      113.12123.2443.28515.18 673
      123.10143.2423.26375.02 861
      133.09 83.1733.20374.262169
      143.07133.2023.22615.22 783
      153.13153.2823.30515.201179

      Table 1.  Flowering phenology of Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis (Franch.) Hara

      表1可见,每株的各个开花物候期基本上是不一样的,第14株于3月7日最早进入展花期,第2株于3月25日最迟进入展花期,两者之间相差18 d;第13株于3月17日最早进入初花期,第2株于4月6日最迟进入初花期,两者之间相差20 d;第13株于3月20日最早进入盛花期,第2株于4月9日最迟进入盛花期,两者之间相差20 d;第3株于4月25日最早进入枯花期,第14株于5月22日最迟进入枯花期,两者之间相差27 d;整个开花期第1株的天数45 d,第14株的天数83 d,两者之间差异多达38 d。这说明采用根茎繁殖以后不仅每株的开花物候期之间存在18~27 d的时间差,而且整个开花期也存在38 d的差异。

    • 苗木植株生长量,全高之间最高的102.0 cm,比最低的46.7 cm增加了118.42%,叶下高最高的64.3 cm,比最低的16.5 cm增加了289.70%,茎基径最高的9.6 cm,比最低的4.2 cm增加了128.57%,不同植株之间存在极明显差异。

      果实,供试17株,开花的15株,15株中倒伏3株,裂果2株,烂果1株,折断1株,枯死1株,真正果实成熟的只有7株,结果率(<开花株数-未结果株数>/开花株数×100)为46.67%,然而,果实平均直径以及种子数量之间也存在显著差异,果实平均直径最高的26.8 mm,比最低的15.9 mm增加了68.55%,种子数量最高的122粒,比最低的8粒增加了1425.00%。

      叶片,最多的是8片,最少的为6片,符合华重楼形态学特征,其实野生的七叶一枝花每个植株的叶片数量4~14片的都有[11] (见表2)。

      样株号植株叶片果实备注
      全高/cm叶下高/cm茎基径/mm数量/张直径/mm种子/粒
      190.164.39.1625.667.0
      297.562.89.4726.8122.0
      368.244.55.86倒伏
      450.516.58.97裂果
      584.148.88.5622.657.0
      678.051.07.06折断
      746.728.04.26烂果
      884.550.57.6620.841.0
      987.360.28.7723.664.0
      1076.552.07.86倒伏
      1152.030.55.36裂果
      12102.054.98.87枯死
      1364.038.56.26倒伏
      1477.047.05.6715.9 8.0
      1579.953.57.8820.126.0 

      Table 2.  Growth of aboveground parts of Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis (Franch.) Hara

      由此可见,采用野生华重楼根茎切块繁殖的苗木,植株之间除叶片没有明显的差异外,植株高度、茎基直径大小之间差异明显,比最低的增加了118.42%、128.57%。结果率和果实中的种子数量也同样存在极显著差异,其中结果率还不足50%,果实中的种子数量相差更加明显,比最少的增加了1425%。

    • 表1表2中可知,华重楼开始开花的时间为3月份,但植株之间物候早晚相差18 d,还有花期长短相差更大,多达38 d;植株之间高度最高的比最低的增加了118.42%,茎基径最高的比最低的增加了128.57%。为了解物候早晚和花期长短对植株生长量是否有影响,现将华重楼开始开花的时间以5 d为1组,即3月7日~3月11日(A1)、3月12日~3月16日(A2)、3月17日~3月21日(A3)、3月22日及以上(A4),花期长短以10d为1组,即45天~54天(B1)、55天~64天(B2)、65天~74天(B3) 75天以上(B4),取每组中植株高度、茎基径大小的平均值,进行整理列表见表3

      开花日期株高/cm茎基径/mm花期天数株高/cm茎基径/mm
      A180.727.79B182.657.45
      A270.847.76B296.258.6
      A364.305.66B367.397.08
      A493.808.70B480.477.83

      Table 3.  Effects of phenological time and flowering period on plant growth

      表3可见:在4种开始开花的时间段中,植株高度和茎基径生长量最多的均是A4,平均达到93.80 cm和8.70 mm,最少的是A3平均为64.30 cm和5.66 mm,排序为A4>A1>A2>A3,A4比A3高度增加45.88%,茎基径增加53.71%;4种花期天新中,植株高度和茎基径生长量最多的均是B2,平均达到96.25 cm和8.60 mm,最少的为B3平均为67.39 cm和7.08 mm,B2比B3高度增加42.87%,茎基径增加21.47%。这说明物候早晚和花期长短对植株生长量是有一定影响的,因此,采种母株选择3月22日以后开始开花,花期在55~64天的对华重楼植株生长更有利。

    3.   结论与讨论
    • 采用野生根茎切块种植的华重楼,植株之间开花的天数是不同的,最少的只有45 d,最多的可达83 d,存在38 d的差异;植株高度和茎基直径大小比最低的增加了118.42%、128.57%;植株结果率不足50%,果实的平均直径大小比最低的15.9 mm增加了68.55%;每颗果实的种子数量比最少的增加了1 425%,而且3月22日以后开始开花,花期在50~60 d的对华重楼植株生长更有利。由此可见,采用野生华重楼根茎切块繁殖的苗木,其开花期和地上部分的生长量存在着明显的差异,为此,不能直接将野生的华重楼根茎作为种苗培养采种母株,必须要通过人工选育,挑选3月22日以后开始开花,花期在55~64天的和生长粗壮的健康、无病虫害植株的作根茎作为培养采种母株的种苗。

    • 本次调查的17株植株中进入生殖生长,正常开花的有15株,其中盛花期的天数最少的19 d,最多的61 d,相差42 d,根据尹芳园等[12]专家对滇重楼研究,授粉期人工增加异花授粉的植株结籽率比自花授粉的提高134 倍,而且,田雪丽等[5]专家已对华重楼采取人工辅助授粉方法,并取得了理想的效果。所以,采种母株应选择盛花期的天数基本相等的植株,便于统一时间开展人工辅助异花授粉,有效提高华重楼植株的结籽率,增加种子产量。

      从7株结有果实的植株看,果实直径大小、果实中种子粒数与植株的株高和茎基径大小有一定的关系,相对来讲,植株的株高越高和茎基径越大,果实的直径越大、果实中种子数量越多,这说明粗壮的植株能满足华重楼果实生长发育对养分含量的需求,有利于果实各器官的快速生长。为此,选择采种母株除了考虑盛花期的天数以外,植株的高度和粗度也是一个不可缺少的因素。

      调查发现,采用野生华重楼根茎切块繁殖后,植株个体之间开花物候期和地上部分的生长量差异十分明显,而每株的叶片数量差异很小,分析原因,可能与植物固有的形态特征有关,由于地域、土壤、气候、海拔等因子会对叶片的大小产生影响,但不会对每株的叶片数量产生影响。为此,选择采种母株时对每株的叶片数量多少可以不要考虑。

      另外,本次调查还发现,正常开花的15株中,有8株没有果实,其中7株因感病而倒伏、枯死和裂果,这与李永清等[13]研究采用根茎切块繁殖易感病的结果相同。所以,采种基地建设中不仅优良植株要挑选,而且,栽植后的防病工作也不能放松。

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