WE ARE COMMITTED TO REPORTING THE LATEST FORESTRY ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS

Volume 42 Issue 3
Jun.  2021
Article Contents
Turn off MathJax

Zhou Y J, Zhang H, Wang M, et al. A rare nesting behavior of mud wasp species[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(3): 107−110 doi: 10.12172/202010270003
Citation: Zhou Y J, Zhang H, Wang M, et al. A rare nesting behavior of mud wasp species[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(3): 107−110 doi: 10.12172/202010270003

A Rare Nesting Behavior of Mud Wasp Species


doi: 10.12172/202010270003
More Information
  • Received Date: 2020-10-27
    Available Online: 2021-03-19
  • Publish Date: 2021-06-25
  • During the forestry pest investigation in Luzhou city, Sichuan province, a rare nesting behavior of mud wasp (Apodynerys formosenes) was firstly discovered, which overturned the previous record and cognition of nest-building behavior of mud wasps. In this nesting behavior, the material used for the nest building was not the common soil, but the resin was secreted from the wounded pines. A single resin nest was cylindrical in shape, with an inner diameter of 10 mm, an outer diameter of 16 mm and a length of about 15 mm. It was formed with many little resin balls processed by mud wasp, and the diameter of the resin balls is 0.5-1 mm. The nest was delicate in appearance, ingenious in structure, milky white and semitransparent. Moreover, there was a mud wasp which was about to mature in the resin nest, which showed that the function of the resin nest was completely consistent with that of the common mud wasps. The newly discovery resin nesting behavior of the mud wasps, fully reflected the survival wisdom of Apodynerys formosenes and the ingenious utilization of environmental resources, and greatly enriched the cognition of the living habits of this type of insects.
  • 加载中
  • [1] 中国科学院中国动物志委员会. 中国经济昆虫志 第五十二册[M]// 中国经济昆虫志, 第五十二册. 科学出版社, 1996.
    [2] D先生. 蜾蠃科与泥蜂科的区别?[EB/OL]. (2020-04-25) [2020-10-27]. https://www.zhihu.com/question/58982473/answer/1178104496.
    [3] 刘春菊;李强, 大头泥蜂亚科分类研究进展 [J]. 云南农业大学学报, 2005. (5)636−639.
    [4] 邱守思. 蝉的一种天敌: 蝉泥蜂[J]. 森林病虫通讯,1992(1):33.
    [5] 夏英三. 泥蜂产卵习性观察[J]. 福建茶叶,1993(2):42\34.
    [6] 刘小华,陈贻云. 广西蝗虫天敌调查初报[J]. 广西植保,1993(2):28−32.
    [7] 俞松青. 蜚蠊卵荚寄生蜂的研究现状与展望[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1993(2):154−159.
    [8] 娄慎修,李忠喜. 叉突节腹泥蜂的初步观察[J]. 森林病虫通讯,1990(4):7−8.
    [9] 娄慎修,李忠喜,吴燕茹. 象甲成虫天敌: 叉突节腹泥蜂初步观察[J]. 生物防治通报,1991(2):94.
    [10] 李廷景; 李强. 小唇泥蜂亚科分类研究进展[J]. 云南农业大学学报,2004(S1):444−451.
    [11] 吴福桢. 中国农业百科全书 (昆虫卷) M. 北京: 农业出版社, 1990. 209−210.
    [12] 蒲天胜. 泥蜂科分类简介[J]. 广西植保,1987(0):14−18.
    [13] Gnatzy W, Michels J, Volknandt W, et al. Venom and Dufour's glands of the emerald cockroach wasp Ampulex compressa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Sphecidae): Structural and biochemical aspects[J]. Arthropod Structure & Development, 2015: 491−507.
    [14] Kim, Jeong-Kyu. New records of two Nyssonini (Bembicinae: Crabronidae) species from Korea, with a key to higher taxa of Sphecidae s. lat. occurring in Korea[J]. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 2015, 8(3): 222−226. doi: 10.1016/j.japb.2015.09.001
    [15] Larsson F K. Some take it cool, some like it hot—A comaprative study of male mate searching tactics in two species of hymenoptera (colletidae and sphecidae)[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 1991, 16(1): 45−51. doi: 10.1016/0306-4565(91)90051-3
    [16] Brockmann H J, Grafen A. Mate conflict and male behaviour in a solitary wasp, Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)[J]. Animal Behaviour, 1989, 37: 232−255. doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90113-9
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(3)

Article views(1444) PDF downloads(17) Cited by()

Related
Proportional views

A Rare Nesting Behavior of Mud Wasp Species

doi: 10.12172/202010270003
  • 1. Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2. Sichuan Green Alliance Forestry Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610000, China

Abstract: During the forestry pest investigation in Luzhou city, Sichuan province, a rare nesting behavior of mud wasp (Apodynerys formosenes) was firstly discovered, which overturned the previous record and cognition of nest-building behavior of mud wasps. In this nesting behavior, the material used for the nest building was not the common soil, but the resin was secreted from the wounded pines. A single resin nest was cylindrical in shape, with an inner diameter of 10 mm, an outer diameter of 16 mm and a length of about 15 mm. It was formed with many little resin balls processed by mud wasp, and the diameter of the resin balls is 0.5-1 mm. The nest was delicate in appearance, ingenious in structure, milky white and semitransparent. Moreover, there was a mud wasp which was about to mature in the resin nest, which showed that the function of the resin nest was completely consistent with that of the common mud wasps. The newly discovery resin nesting behavior of the mud wasps, fully reflected the survival wisdom of Apodynerys formosenes and the ingenious utilization of environmental resources, and greatly enriched the cognition of the living habits of this type of insects.

  • 在泸州市大通山进行野外调查过程中,发现了一种十分罕见的泥蜂筑巢现象。一种泥蜂科昆虫:末微蜾蠃(Apodynerys formosenes),不是利用常见的泥土筑巢,而是利用接近凝固状态的松脂制作巢穴,并能完成后代的抚育任务。在以往关于泥蜂的行为记录中尚未有过类似记载。特此报道,以供参考。

1.   泥蜂生活习性简介
  • 从分类地位上来讲,泥蜂是指泥蜂总科,分类地位属于膜翅目细腰亚目寄生部泥蜂总科;蜾蠃是指蜾蠃亚科,分类地位属于膜翅目细腰亚目寄生部蜾蠃亚科;就生活习性而言,两者都属于独栖性蜂类,社会性不强,平时营自由生活,雌性交配后会寻找天然的空穴作为巢穴产卵,比如空洞的树枝,树皮下的裂缝等,若有现成的空穴可供利用,它们会选择空穴而不是自己筑巢。

    泥蜂科大多数为捕猎性,少数为寄生性,并且雌蜂会给幼虫准备所需食物。从食性来讲,蜾蠃多以捕捉鳞翅目幼虫作为后代幼虫的食物,泥蜂食物源则多样化,有专门捕食蜚蠊的扁头泥蜂,有专门捕食蜘蛛的,也有专门捕食螽斯的。泥蜂捕猎和抚育技巧十分奇特,其用毒液将猎物麻痹并带回巢中,用泥土将巢穴封住。麻醉剂量十分精确,可使猎物处于麻痹状态长30天以上。被麻痹的昆虫无法反抗,只能作为巢穴内的卵孵化后的食物,最幼虫发育成熟后自行会咬破泥巢而出。[1-2]

2.   本次新发现的罕见筑巢行为
  • 目前已知,泥蜂科昆虫能利用泥土制作蜂巢,以及捕捉其他昆虫作为其幼蜂食物[3-11]。国内外已有关于各种泥蜂的生物学行为的观察和报道[12-16],多种泥蜂能利用其他隐蔽空间做育幼巢,例如,可在竹干上钻孔,将巢穴做在竹管内;亦或在泥土,泥墙,木质房梁等处筑巢。调查过程中,也观察到蜾蠃筑巢于枯萎的树干里,这对于保证幼蜂的安全有十分积极的作用。但现有关于泥蜂的报道,无论其在哪里筑巢,都是采用泥土作为材料,泥蜂利用松脂筑巢确系首次发现。

    此次在松树上新发现的泥蜂蜂巢完全没有泥土,全系松脂筑造而成。其构造十分精致,整体呈乳白色半透明状,远看闪闪发亮,有着白铜色的光泽,近看有许多小圆球状的松脂粘结而成,整齐而有规律。松脂球直径约0.5~1 mm。蜂巢外形呈圆筒形,内径10 mm,外径16 mm,长度约15 mm。初始发现时,只见两个白色晶亮的圆柱状物体附着在松树树的皮缝中,尚不知就是蜂巢,经近距离仔细观察后方才确认。整个巢穴是由多个白色松脂球粘结而成的平行空心圆柱。由于其附着位置就在松脂流出的地方,用手触摸蜂巢还具有弹性,经仔细嗅闻和辨认,确系由松脂构成。由于其造型具有明显的几何特征,并且是若干个完全相同蜂巢并列而成(见图1),所以必定是经过后期加工而成,绝非天然形成后被末微蜾蠃所利用。

    Figure 1.  Rare honeycomb made with pine resins

    位于下方的另一圆巢中,一只已经发育完全的成蜂(蜾蠃)静卧其间(见图2),即将离巢。可见这确实是蜾蠃营造的蜂巢。由于剖开树皮时被意外发现,且损坏了部分巢穴,只剩下3个相邻且较为完整的桶状单巢。

    Figure 2.  Matured Apodynerys formosenes ready to leave the nest

    根据发现蜂巢状况和周围环境,初步推测可能是产卵雌蜂在完成部分蜂巢并产卵之后,意外死亡,因此留下两个未完工的空巢。已经产下的卵则在巢内顺利发育并羽化,在准备越冬的过程中,被我们偶然发现。同时,在离松林不远处的一处岩石角落里,也发现了用泥土筑就的常规泥蜂巢穴。(见图3)这一方面说明了本地的蜾蠃数量较多,另一方面也说明了其就地取材的筑巢习性。

    Figure 3.  Apodynerys formosenes nest with soils

3.   新发现的意义
  • 此次新发现的泥蜂利用松脂筑巢的行为,充分体现了泥蜂的高超生存技能,以及对环境资源的巧妙利用,大致总结如下:

    (1)末微蜾蠃不仅能用泥土筑巢,还能利用松脂做出同样的蜂巢(也许包括其他适合的材料营造蜂巢)。这大大丰富了我们对泥蜂的昆虫生态学行为认识。

    (2)末微蜾蠃在筑巢材料的选择性上,有着很高的本能性的智慧。其行为完全符合节约时间、就近取材、提高效率的原则。此次所发现的松脂蜂巢的营造地点在一片松林附近,有充足的松脂可供使用。松脂营造的蜂巢,比泥土结实,韧性更好,安全可靠。并且实践证明,其功能完好,已有成蜂即将发育完成。

    (3)松脂筑巢对所用松脂有一定的时间限制:刚流出的松脂,流动性大,粘性强,难以加工成形,且容易粘住自身造成伤害;若松脂流出过久则已经硬化,粘性不足,无法粘结加工;只有在松脂固化至特定可塑性时最好(既能成型又易于粘结)。而蜾蠃精确地选择了这个时间点进行加工,可见该泥蜂对筑巢材料的选择把控十分精准。

4.   结论
  • 反复推敲此末微蜾蠃利用松脂筑巢的一系列条件:1. 松树表面受伤,大量松脂的溢出;2. 松脂流出后未被采集,逐渐浓缩并固化到一定程度;3. 并且附近有正处于产卵期的蜾赢存在。

    此三种事件在自然界某处同时出现的低概率,极大的降低了这种松脂蜂巢出现的可能性。因此,这样的松脂蜂巢也就极难发现,这也是以往未见报道的原因。此次发现极大地拓展了我们对泥蜂(末微蜾蠃)的生活习性和昆虫生态学的认知,有利于我们进一步深入的了解泥蜂科昆虫强大的生存能力和对环境资源的充分利用和发掘。

Reference (16)

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return