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Li S Q. Study on survival rate and growth of Sassafras Tzumu through afforestation with stem-cutting method[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(2): 99−102 doi: 10.12172/202009210005
Citation: Li S Q. Study on survival rate and growth of Sassafras Tzumu through afforestation with stem-cutting method[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(2): 99−102 doi: 10.12172/202009210005

Study on Survival Rate and Growth of Sassafras Tzumu through Afforestation with Stem-cutting Method


doi: 10.12172/202009210005
More Information
  • Received Date: 2020-09-21
    Available Online: 2021-01-18
  • Publish Date: 2021-04-20
  • The survival rate of afforestation with typical Sassafras tzumu is relatively low in the southeast coastal area. In this study, the stem of dry-rooted seedlings of Sassafras tzumu were cut off and afforested. The results showed that: (1) After two years of afforestation, the stem-cutting treatment significantly affected the survival rate, ground diameter, tree height, and growth indicators. Furthermore, except that the difference of tree height in the second year is significant, other indicators were extremely significant in different years and characteristics. (2) The stem-cutting treatment significantly improved the survival rate of Sassafras tzumu, which was 100% in the first year and 98% in the second year. Compared with the afforestation without stem-cutting treatment, the survival rate of the afforestation with stem-cutting was increased by 30.15%. (3) The stem-cutting treatment obviously promoted the growth of ground diameter, and the annual growth of ground diameter was over 29%. (4) The stem-cutting treatment greatly increased the shoot growth, with an increase of 222.78% in the first year and 94.49% in the second year. The results indicated that the stem-cutting afforestation had obvious effect in southeast coastal areas, and it was a promising afforestation method worth popularizing.
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Study on Survival Rate and Growth of Sassafras Tzumu through Afforestation with Stem-cutting Method

doi: 10.12172/202009210005
  • Houping State-owned Forestry Farm, Fuding 355200, China

Abstract: The survival rate of afforestation with typical Sassafras tzumu is relatively low in the southeast coastal area. In this study, the stem of dry-rooted seedlings of Sassafras tzumu were cut off and afforested. The results showed that: (1) After two years of afforestation, the stem-cutting treatment significantly affected the survival rate, ground diameter, tree height, and growth indicators. Furthermore, except that the difference of tree height in the second year is significant, other indicators were extremely significant in different years and characteristics. (2) The stem-cutting treatment significantly improved the survival rate of Sassafras tzumu, which was 100% in the first year and 98% in the second year. Compared with the afforestation without stem-cutting treatment, the survival rate of the afforestation with stem-cutting was increased by 30.15%. (3) The stem-cutting treatment obviously promoted the growth of ground diameter, and the annual growth of ground diameter was over 29%. (4) The stem-cutting treatment greatly increased the shoot growth, with an increase of 222.78% in the first year and 94.49% in the second year. The results indicated that the stem-cutting afforestation had obvious effect in southeast coastal areas, and it was a promising afforestation method worth popularizing.

  • 檫木(Sassafras tzumu)又名檫树,樟科檫木属落叶乔木,主要分布于中国长江流域及以南地区。檫木材质优良,叶型奇特,树型美观,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。近年,随着造林理念的变化,乡土和彩叶树种越来越受到重视,檫木造林具有广阔的前景。在福建等东南沿海地区,由于高温和强日照等因素影响,檫木裸根苗造林初期成活率偏低,造林三年苗木保存率仅65%左右,导致林分郁闭慢,影响了檫木造林成效。有关檫木造林技术研究主要集中在混交林营造、栽植密度、土壤立地条件影响、抚育和施肥管理等方面[1-8],同时一些造林技术有关文献指出檫木截干造林成活率高[9-10],适宜推广。虽然这些研究为檫木造林提供了重要理论指导,但这些报道文献一般为经验性总结或者是综述性质,没有试验数据支撑。有研究表明五角枫、构树、刺槐等树种[11-16]截干造林成活率提高25%以上,个别树种(如丝棉木)成活率提高80%以上,且生长表现优异,截干造林效果良好。在生产实践上也发现造林风折后的檫树更易成活,长势良好,因此设计檫木截干造林试验,研究截干造林对檫木造林成活率及生长量的影响程度,探讨造林效果,以期为檫木造林提供技术指导及理论支撑。

    • 檫木造林地位于福建省福鼎后坪国有林场后坪工区58-050小班,地理位置为东经119°57′37″,北纬27°9′20″,坡向西北,坡度17°~23°,海拔960~970 m,土壤为黄红壤,立地质量等级为Ⅲ级即中等较肥沃级,土层厚度比较薄。试验地属东亚热带海洋性季风气候,气候温和,温暖湿润,雨量充沛。多年平均气温18.4 ℃,年平均降水量1 668 mm,冬春两季多云雾,偶有冰霜,夏秋两季风凉气爽。

    • 苗木为裸根苗,苗木种子2017年采自福鼎后坪国有林场吴阳工区04-030小班母树林,2018年春育苗,2019年3月造林。采用不炼山块状整地方式,株行距2.0 m×2.0 m。试验采用截干和不截干(对CK)两种处理,每种处理各栽植0.6 hm2,合计1.2 hm2;截干用修枝剪一次性剪断苗木,确保截口平滑,高度保留30 cm,截干后用于造林试验。

    • 2019年10月、2020年8月分别调查成活株数、地径、苗高和抽高情况。每个处理调查设置上、中、下3个固定样地,每个样地调查100株。试验成活率、平均值等数据用Excel处理分析,地径、抽高、树高等生长性状分析时将每个处理的3个样地数据合并分析,方差分析用SAS V8/STAT 模块进行计算,模型为单因素方差分析模型。

    2.   结果与分析
    • 表1调查统计数据可知,檫木截干造林当年全部成活,成活率100%,第二年8月调查,3个样地共死亡6株,平均每个样地2株,平均成活率为98%。未截干造林当年10月底调查3个样地合计死亡54株,成活率平均为82%,第二年8月死亡数量累计达到74株,成活率平均为75.3%。由此可见,截干造林第一年100%成活,第二年成活率可提高30.15%。

      调查时间截干未截干
      保存株数死亡株数成活率/%保存株数死亡株数成活率/%
      2019样地11000100 802080
      样地21000100 831783
      样地31000100 831783
      平均1000100 821882
      2020样地4 99199752575
      样地5 97397792179
      样地6 98298722872
      平均 98298 75.3 24.6 75.3

      Table 1.  Statistical analysis on the survival rate of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

      对两个年度造林成活率数据分别进行T检验(见表2),表明截干与未截干造林成活率差异显著,截干造林可大幅度提高檫木造林成活率。

      年度t ValuePr > |t|
      20198.1<.0001
      2020 9.48<.0001

      Table 2.  T test of survival rate of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

    • 对地径、树高和抽梢等性状进行方差分析,由表3可知,2019年地径、树高和抽梢性状均差异极显著,2020年地径和抽梢差异极显著,树高差异显著,截干造林对檫木的生长产生明显的影响。

      时间性状DFF ValuePr > F
      地径134.6 <.0001
      2019树高155.8 <.0001
      抽梢1188.9 <.0001
      地径125.96<.0001
      2020树高1 4.59 0.0335
      抽梢137.55<.0001

      Table 3.  Variance analysis results of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

      (1)地径生长量差异分析

      表4可知,檫木截干造林当年(2019年)地径均值1.82 cm,未截干地径均值1.41 cm,截干造林地径生长量增加0.41 cm,增幅29.21%;造林第二年(2020年)地径均值2.26 cm,未截干地径均值1.76 m,地径生长量增加0.5 cm,增幅29%。可见,截干造林后地径生长量明显提高,截干促进了檫木地径的快速增长。

      时间截干情况均值/cmStd Dev最小值最大值增幅/%
      2019截干1.820.4923360.63 29.21
      未截干1.410.4123140.72.6
      2020截干2.260.7574030.95.429
      未截干1.760.5072580.82.9

      Table 4.  Ground diameter growth of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

      (2)树高生长量差异分析

      表5可知,檫木截干造林当年(2019年)树高为0.74 m,未截干树高1 m,截干造林树高相比降幅26.32%;造林第二年(2020年)树高为1.07 m,未截干树高1.17 m,截干造林树高相比降幅8.86%。檫木截干造林第二年后树高均值还未超过未截干造林树高。但从檫木苗个体看,截干造林的苗高最高值已经高于未截干造林的最大苗高。造成这种情况的原因主要是由于截干后苗木主干高度降低,导致整个苗木在树高生长起点上有较大的差距。但这不能说明截干对树高生长产生不利影响,相反截干还会进一步促进苗木的生长,具体影响还应还结合苗木年度抽梢生长量情况进行进一步分析确定。

      时间截干情况均值/mStd Dev最小值最大值增幅/%
      2019截干0.740.28429 0.131.4 −26.32
      未截干1.000.1648020.731.37
      2020截干1.070.3805180.131.77 −8.86
      未截干1.170.2449870.761.71

      Table 5.  Tree height growth of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

      (3)抽梢生长量差异分析

      表6可知,檫木截干造林当年(2019年)抽梢为0.55 m,抽梢变幅为0.11 m~1.19 m,未截干抽梢为0.17 m,抽梢变幅为0.02~0.45 m,截干造林抽梢增幅222.78%。造林第二年(2020年),截干抽梢量为0.33 m,抽梢变幅为0.010~1.21 m,未截干抽梢为0.17 m,抽梢变幅为0.02~0.43 m,截干造林抽梢增幅94.49%,截干造林抽梢增幅有逐年降低的趋势。综合两个年度的数据,檫木截干造林在造林初期能明显促进树干抽梢生长。

      时间截干情况均值/mStd Dev最小值最大值增幅/%
      2019截干0.550.2730120.111.19222.78
      未截干0.170.1095690.020.45
      2020截干0.330.1956220.011.21 94.49
      未截干0.170.09995 0.020.43

      Table 6.  Shoot growth of Sassafras tzumu in stem-cutting afforestation study

    3.   结论与讨论
    • 檫木截干造林与未截干造林相比,在成活率和地径、树高、抽高等生长量方面差异显著,截干造林明显提高檫木造林成活率,造林第一年成活率100%,第二年成活率提高30.15%。明显促进地径生长,地径年生长增幅29%。大幅度提高抽高生长量,第一年增幅222.78%,第二年增幅94.49%。檫木苗截干后,降低水分蒸发,促进根系生长,使苗木更加健壮,提高了苗木抵御不良环境的能力,因此提高了苗木成活率和生长量。该研究结果与红椎、刺槐、构树、紫穗槐等树种的截干造林结果相似[11-1216-18],验证了截干造林能提高檫木成活率和生长量。当前,为了提高檫木成活率和生长量,檫木的造林栽培技术要点主要是选择檫木适宜的立地条件、利用壮苗、加强管理等方法[1-219-21],但这些方法均属林业生产常规性的育林管理措施,成活率提高有限。且在林业生产上往往受困于林地立地条件、经济条件和人为等主客观因素影响,难以适合所有的林业生产者,特别是对个体林农来说更是难以操作实施。有研究[22]用间伐后的檫木去掉主干保留树蔸进行造林,1年造林成活率达100%,2年生时比不截干造林的裸根苗树高大105.6%,胸径大171.4%,但此方法缺点是成本较高、造林时间长,难以推广,与裸根苗直接截干造林相比并无优势。檫木截干造林原理是利用檫木萌芽能力强的特性[9],截干后能迅速萌芽生长,其特点是操作简便、易于掌握、成本低廉,更具可操作性和简便性,是值得推广的造林方法。但本研究也有不足之处,试验设计了30 cm截干高度一种处理方式,样本数量不够大,需要在后续研究中增加不同截干高度的处理试验,扩大样本数量,以增强结果的可靠性,并确定最佳的截干高度。

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