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DENG H H, CAO H, XU X J, et al. Effects of different planting densities on growth and leaf yield of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba L.[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(1): 102−108 doi: 10.12172/202007280001
Citation: DENG H H, CAO H, XU X J, et al. Effects of different planting densities on growth and leaf yield of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba L.[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 42(1): 102−108 doi: 10.12172/202007280001

Effects of Different Planting Densities on Growth and Leaf Yield of Leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba L.


doi: 10.12172/202007280001
More Information
  • Corresponding author: 2398275846@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2020-07-28
    Available Online: 2020-12-24
  • Publish Date: 2021-02-04
  • By studying the effects of different planting densities on the growth and leaf yield of Ginkgo biloba. L. in the hilly areas of Northeast Sichuan, the reasonable density control direction with high economic benefit was obtained, which provided theoretical support for production practice. In this study, two-year-old Ginkgo biloba "Kaijianghuang No.1" was used as the test material, and five different planting densities were used to study the effects of different planting densities on the growth and leaf yield of Ginkgo biloba for three consecutive years. The results showed that: (1) Under the geographical conditions in northeast Sichuan and within a certain density range, the planting density had little effect on the ground diameter and lateral branches in the first year of the construction of Ginkgo biloba base. With the increase of tree age, the ground diameter growth and lateral branches of Ginkgo biloba. garden with excessive planting density showed a slow growth trend compared with low density garden, and different planting densities had no significant effect on the height growth of Ginkgo biloba. (2) When Ginkgo biloba was less than 4.5 years and planted at a density of 100000 plants per hectare, the yield per hectare was 2.76 times higher than that of the low-density treatment with a planting density of 14000 plants per hectare, and the yield per hectare reaches 20428.00 kg. At the age of 5.5 years, the leaf yield of high-density planting with planting density of 100000 plants hm−2 decreased by 15.93% compared with that of 4.5 years, while the leaf yield of low-density planting with planting density of 14000 plants hm−2 was as high as 41322.60 kg hm−2, which was 1.41 times as high as that of high-density planting in the same year. Therefore, in the hilly area of northeast Sichuan, the maximum planting density can be maintained at 100000 plants·hm−2 before the blooming period. With the increase of tree age, the planting density should be reduced year by year. In the blooming period, the density should be kept at about 15000 plants·hm−2, so as to maximize the economic benefits per unit area.
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Effects of Different Planting Densities on Growth and Leaf Yield of Leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba L.

doi: 10.12172/202007280001
  • 1. Kaijiang County Forestry Research Institute, Kaijiang 635250, China
  • 2. Sichuan Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute, Chengdu 610000, China
  • 3. Sichuan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
  • 4. State-owned Forest Farm of Kaijiang County, Kaijiang 635250, China
  • Corresponding author: 2398275846@qq.com

Abstract: By studying the effects of different planting densities on the growth and leaf yield of Ginkgo biloba. L. in the hilly areas of Northeast Sichuan, the reasonable density control direction with high economic benefit was obtained, which provided theoretical support for production practice. In this study, two-year-old Ginkgo biloba "Kaijianghuang No.1" was used as the test material, and five different planting densities were used to study the effects of different planting densities on the growth and leaf yield of Ginkgo biloba for three consecutive years. The results showed that: (1) Under the geographical conditions in northeast Sichuan and within a certain density range, the planting density had little effect on the ground diameter and lateral branches in the first year of the construction of Ginkgo biloba base. With the increase of tree age, the ground diameter growth and lateral branches of Ginkgo biloba. garden with excessive planting density showed a slow growth trend compared with low density garden, and different planting densities had no significant effect on the height growth of Ginkgo biloba. (2) When Ginkgo biloba was less than 4.5 years and planted at a density of 100000 plants per hectare, the yield per hectare was 2.76 times higher than that of the low-density treatment with a planting density of 14000 plants per hectare, and the yield per hectare reaches 20428.00 kg. At the age of 5.5 years, the leaf yield of high-density planting with planting density of 100000 plants hm−2 decreased by 15.93% compared with that of 4.5 years, while the leaf yield of low-density planting with planting density of 14000 plants hm−2 was as high as 41322.60 kg hm−2, which was 1.41 times as high as that of high-density planting in the same year. Therefore, in the hilly area of northeast Sichuan, the maximum planting density can be maintained at 100000 plants·hm−2 before the blooming period. With the increase of tree age, the planting density should be reduced year by year. In the blooming period, the density should be kept at about 15000 plants·hm−2, so as to maximize the economic benefits per unit area.

  • 银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)是中国特有的珍贵孑遗植物,具有很高的经济价值和药用价值。国际上,无论是临床医疗[1],还是学术研究方面,银杏叶提取物制剂被广泛报道用于预防和治疗心脑血管疾病[2-4],抗肿瘤[5-6],抑制老年痴呆、癫痫等精神疾病的发生[7-8],以及控制糖尿病病情[9]等方面。近年来,随着国际国内业界对银杏叶提取物不断深入研究,使得银杏叶的生产和利用成为热点,制药商对银杏叶产量的需求和质量的要求也不断提升。而银杏叶原材料主要来自中国,国内各地运用矮化密植等技术一定程度上提升了银杏叶的质量和产量[10-13],但在叶用银杏栽培技术方面能直接用于指导生产的技术成果仍然相对较少。由于一些地方种植叶用银杏缺乏技术支撑,管理随意,造成所产出的银杏叶产量和品质同国际要求相比,存在很大差距[14]。尤其是银杏叶产量不足,远达不到工业生产需求,导致了人力、物力和财力等资源利用不充分,经济效益和社会效益发挥不理想。因此,在叶用银杏的种植过程中,需着力解决规范化问题,用统一的标准建立种植基地,方能产出质优、高产的银杏叶原材料[15]。本文以四川省开江县叶用银杏为研究对象,通过对不同栽植密度的叶用银杏试验田连续3年的管理、观测和分析,提出了适应于当地气候环境和立地条件下的合理密度调控建议,旨在提高当地叶用银杏种植的产量,以期为生产决策提供相应科学依据。

1.   材料与方法
  • 试验地设在四川省开江县回龙镇乐园村二组,小地名:大垴咕。经纬度:107.76519° E,31.16295° N,海拔:410 m,坡度3°。该地属于亚热带湿润气候,年均气温16.7 ℃,年极端最高气温40.5 ℃,年极端最低气温−4.4 ℃;年均日照时间1 266.4 h,≥10 ℃积温5 226.2 ℃;年均无霜期282.6 d,年均降雨量1238.0 mm,年内四季分明,冬季少霜雪,春季气温回升快,夏季雨量充沛,秋季降温较慢[16]。试验地占地面积1800 m2,土壤为紫色土,前茬作物为玉米。

  • 供试品种为“开江皇1号”,选用2年生苗为试验材料,苗高(50±5)cm,地径(0.9±2.0)cm,根幅(15±8)cm,>5 cm须根(14±3)条。

  • 合理栽植密度是培育叶用银杏的基础,从山东、江苏等平原地区叶用银杏栽培中总结的有关成果报道看,不同栽植密度对叶用银杏叶片产量影响较大[15, 17-18],但其研究结论是否适用于川东北丘陵区尚不可知。本试验在克服气候因子、立地条件、施肥、修枝等其他影响叶用银杏生长量和产量的因子影响的情况下,参考已有文献报道的合理栽植密度,并结合当地生产习惯,采用单因素试验设计,分别作5种不同栽植密度处理,各处理3个重复。5种不同栽植密度处理分别是10 cm×100 cm、30 cm×100 cm、50 cm×100 cm、70 cm×100 cm、30 cm×(40&100)cm五种处理(见表1)。小区面积为4 m×12 m,各小区边缘设置宽为2 m的保护行,小区采用随机区组排列。

    处理号栽植密度/cm×cm小区株数/株
    T110×100480
    T230×100160
    T350×100 96
    T470×100 68
    T5 30×(40&100)228
      注:“10×100”,前者为株距10 cm,后者为行距100 cm;“30×(40&100)”,前者为株距30 cm,后者为宽窄行,即行距依次为40 cm、100 cm、40 cm、100 cm。

    Table 1.  Planting density design of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba

  • 2015年11-12月,采取全面整地方式,对试验地进行清杂、翻土、平整、碎土和消毒;用罗盘仪导线测量,划分试验小区及保护行;然后开沟、起垄。2016年1月初,筛选符合试验要求的种苗,根据各小区设计,分别拉线定植种苗。每年3月初,对种植苗作截干处理(截干后高度统一为45 cm),以促进侧枝萌发。2016年3月、9月,2017年3月、9月,2018年3月、9月,2019年3月分别在各小区施复合肥3 kg。

  • 试验样本为每小区30株。分别于2017年、2018年、2019年的8月初晴天(树龄分别为3.5年,4.5年,5.5年),在各小区采用等距抽样法抽样,即T1~T5抽样间隔株数分别为15株、4株、2株、1株、6株,分别测定各样株的地径、株高、侧枝数量、单株叶片数量后,按照银杏叶常规采收方法,将各小区样株可采收叶片分别采下,称重,然后分别对各小区银杏叶进行全采,并称重。

  • 采用spss19统计分析软件进行相关性分析和LSD法多重比较。

2.   结果与分析
  • 数据分析发现,不同栽植密度对叶用银杏地径生长存在显著性影响,但因树龄而异(见图1)。叶用银杏定植后的当年,即树龄3.5年时,采用不同栽植密度对其地径生长无直接影响,各处理间无显著差异。当树龄为4.5年和5.5年,T1的地径生长量显著小于其他各处理,分别为16.67 mm、20.34 mm;树龄为4.5年、5.5年时,T4的地径生长量最高,分别为21.19 mm、34.09 mm,且同除T3外的其他各处理的地径生长存在显著性差异。随着树龄增加,栽植密度增大,叶用银杏地径生长量出现增长减缓的趋势。

    Figure 1.  Effects of different planting densities of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba on ground diameter growth

  • 不同栽植密度对叶用银杏树高生长的影响不显著(见图2)。树龄为3.5年时,T1和T5的树高生长量无显著差异,T2、T3、T4相互间的树高生长量无显著差异,仅T1和T5的树高生长量显著高于T2、T3和T4;树龄为4.5年时,T1、T2、T5相互间的树高生长量无显著差异,T3、T4的树高生长量无显著差异,T1、T2、T5的树高生长量显著高于T3和T4;树龄为5.5年时,T1、T2、的树高生长量无显著差异,T3、T4和T5的树高生长量无显著差异,T1、T2的树高生长量显著高于T3、T4、T5。

    Figure 2.  Effect of different planting densities of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba on the growth of tree height

  • 试验数据分析发现,除T1处理外,其他试验栽植密度处理对叶用银杏侧枝生长无显著影响。在树龄4.5年和5.5年时,T1处理的侧枝生长显著少于其他几种栽植密度处理(见图3)。

  • 随着树龄增加,新栽植叶用银杏的单株叶片数量呈逐年增长之势,3.5年和4.5年时,高密度栽植比低密度栽植的叶用银杏单株叶片数量多,且存在显著性差异(见图4),但5.5年时,分析结论则反之。树龄为3.5年和4.5年时,单株叶片数量最高的栽植密度均为高密度处理,分别是T5(139片)、T1(345片);单株叶片数量最低的栽植密度均为低密度处理T4,3.5年和4.5年的单株叶片数测定值分别为101片、182片;T4同T5、T1的单株叶片数量存在显著性差异。树龄为5.5年时,单株叶片数量最多的栽植密度处理为T4(960片),单株叶片数量最少的栽植密度处理为T1(313片),二者存在显著性差异。

    Figure 3.  Effects of different planting densities of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba on the number of lateral branches

    Figure 4.  Effect of different planting density of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba on the number of leaves per plant

  • 通过试验分析发现(见图5),叶用银杏叶片盛产前(树龄为3.5年和4.5年时),采取高密度栽植处理(T1、T5)的叶片产量显著高于低密度栽植处理(T3、T4),其中4.5年时,叶产量最高和最低的栽植密度分别是T1(20428.00 kg·hm−2)、T4(5431.47 kg·hm−2),T1的叶产量为T4的2.76倍。树龄5.5年时,鲜叶达盛产期,此时低密度栽植处理T4的叶产量显著高于高密度栽植处理T1,分别是41322.60 kg·hm−2、17174.59 kg·hm−2,相差值为24148.01 kg·hm−2,相差倍数为1.41倍。

    Figure 5.  Effects of different planting densities of leaf-harvest Ginkgo biloba on the leaf yield

  • 相关性分析结果表明(见表2),与叶用银杏叶产量显著相关(p<0.01)的因子有两个,分别是栽植密度和单株叶片数量。各因子两两间的关系中,栽植密度分别同地径、单株叶片数量存在显著正相关关系,同侧枝数量呈负相关关系,同株高无显著相关关系,地径与侧枝数存在显著正相关关系,余下因子两两间无显著相关性。

    因子栽植密度地径株高侧枝数单株叶
    片数
    叶产量
    栽植密度1−0.672**0.327−0.712** 0.651** 0.818**
    地径1 0.2290.736**−0.336 −0.427
    株高1 0.056 0.45 0.333
    侧枝数1 −0.263 −0.313
    单株叶
    片数
    1 0.704**
    叶产量1
      注:** 表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关,* 表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。

    Table 2.  Correlation analysis between growth and leaf yield factors

3.   结论与讨论
  • 栽植密度直接影响叶用银杏园内部结构,在影响叶用银杏生长的因素中,密度是可以被有效调控的因子,研究分析最佳栽植密度对探索提高叶用银杏叶产量和质量均具有重要意义[15]。本研究结果表明,在川东北的地理环境条件下,栽植密度对叶用银杏地径、侧枝数量生长有显著影响,同时其影响因银杏树龄而异。在一定的密度范围内,叶用银杏基地建园首年,栽植密度对其地径和侧枝影响不大,这可能是受到了定植后缓苗的影响,具体原因需进一步研究证实;随着树龄增加,栽植密度过大的叶用银杏园相比低密度园,其地径生长量和侧枝数呈减缓增长趋势;不同栽植密度对叶用银杏树高生长无显著性影响。本结论同孟宪宇[19]编著的《测树学》中有关林分密度对树高、树干直径生长影响的观点一致,与Brahim K等[20]在“栽植密度对油料作物Lesquerella fendleri L.生长及产量的影响”研究中有关栽植密度对Lesquerella fendleri侧枝生长影响的结论一致。叶用银杏林分密度的增加会造成银杏植株个体间的生长竞争,会影响银杏树干直径和侧枝生长,进而影响单株叶片数量和单位面积叶产量,这些都值得进一步深入观测研究。

  • 本试验结果表明,在叶用银杏经营的不同阶段,栽植密度对叶产量均有显著影响。当叶用银杏低于4.5年生,栽植密度为10万株·hm-2时,其叶产量比栽植密度为1.4万株·hm−2的低密度处理的叶产量高2.76倍,叶产量达到20428.00 kg·hm−2;然而,5.5年生时,情况发生改变,栽植密度为10万株·hm−2的高密度栽植处理,其叶产量比4.5年生时下降15.93%,而栽植密度为1.4万株·hm−2的低密度栽植处理,其叶产量却高达41322.60 kg·hm−2,是同年生高密度栽植处理叶产量的1.41倍。对比其他学者在国内其他叶用银杏栽植地的研究结果,欧阳绍湘等在湖北安陆市,通过对5种不同栽植密度叶用银杏的试验研究得出,3年生叶用银杏的最佳密度为7.5万株·hm−2,叶产量可达30602 kg·hm−2[21];康志雄等在浙江省上虞区,设置4种栽植密度3种定干高度的1~4年生叶用银杏试验地,发现栽植密度与单位面积叶产量呈正相关,其中,4年生时最佳密度为5万株·hm−2,叶产量为27013.5 kg·hm−2[18];耿养会在重庆市铜梁区设置5种栽植密度4种定干高度的叶用银杏试验地,通过研究得出,叶用银杏叶产量随着密度的增加而显著上升,密度为4.5万株·hm−2时,叶产量为13386.5 kg·hm−2[22]。;姜岳忠等在山东莒南县通过对3种不同栽植密度4种定干高度的3年生叶用银杏进行研究,得出叶用银杏建园初期,高密度栽植(10万株·hm−2)可获得较高产量[23];王春荣等在河北省宁晋县对3种不同栽植密度的4~6年生叶用银杏试验地进行研究,发现单株叶产量和单位面积叶产量均受栽植密度影响大,4年生时,最佳密度为5.6万株·hm−2,叶产量为15752 kg·hm−2[24]。本研究结论同上述学者的研究结论有一致的地方,但也有不同的地方。一致的结论为叶用银杏经营初期,适当增大栽植密度可有效提高单位面积叶产量;不一致的地方表现在,已有研究得出的结论是叶用银杏随着树龄增加,其单位面积叶产量会增加,而本研究发现,川东北丘陵区的叶用银杏盛产期后,高密度叶用银杏的叶产量不增反降,在这一阶段,低密度栽植的叶产量显著高于高密度。分析可能原因,一方面可能因地理环境、立地条件和经营管理等方面差异而致,需进一步专题对比研究;另一方面,本试验过程中发现,在川东北丘陵区,密度过大的叶用银杏基地,经几年的合理经营管理,因林分郁闭度过大,银杏树干50 cm以下的叶片,受通风不良、光照不足、气温过高等因素影响,在夏季会出现叶片较小、较薄、发黄、滋生病虫害等情况,以致林分下层叶片逐渐掉落,直至下层无叶可采,而低密度的基地,因有充足空间供银杏侧枝和叶片生长,植株间竞争较小,不管是林分上层还是中下层,长出的叶片不仅大而厚、还较健康,单株叶片数量和产量均优于高密度基地叶用银杏。

  • 叶用银杏的叶产量受多种因素共同影响,其中,栽植密度因素是经营管理中比较易掌控的一个因子,生产实践中,根据立地条件和管理水平不同,实时合理调控叶用银杏基地栽植密度,可有效提升叶产量。欧阳绍湘等认为,随着叶用银杏树龄增长,可通过合理间伐方式来提升叶产量[21],康志雄等认为,叶用银杏经营初期,可加大栽植密度,定植4年后,通过逐年移出部分苗木可提高单位面积经济效益[18],曹福亮等建议叶用银杏的栽植密度控制在每公顷4~7万株[15]。综上所述,在川东北丘陵区,叶用银杏盛产期前,建议采用播种方式建基地,种苗密度可达10万株·hm−2,次年起,根据已建叶用银杏基地郁闭情况,逐年将高密度银杏移栽部分到新建基地,直至盛产期时,将基地叶用银杏密度保持在1.5万株·hm−2左右,这样可做到单位面积经济效益最大化。

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