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油茶一般指以产油为主的山茶属(Theaceae)植物,主要包括普通油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)、小果油茶(Camellia meiocarpa Hu)和红花类油茶等[1]。当前,我国共有17个油茶产省(区、市),油茶分布面积近7000万亩,但在生产中,有部分经营者不重视油茶适时采摘和科学采后处理,致使油茶产量下降,出油率降低,品质变差,严重阻碍了油茶产业健康发展[2-5]。普通油茶是我国油茶主要栽培物种,超过现有油茶总面积95%以上,普通油茶有寒露籽、霜降籽和越冬等品种,过早采收会导致油中油酸含量、角鲨烯、β-谷甾醇及V_E等含量偏低,油茶籽不够成熟,还会导致易霉变、出油率低,茶油品质变差[6, 7]。有研究表明,霜降籽10月30日比10月5日采收油茶籽出仁率和粗脂肪含量分别提高了19.80%和38.03%,油脂中的油酸含量提高了2.52%,酸值和过氧化值降低了57%和36%,油中的角鲨烯、β-谷甾醇和V_E的含量分别增长了64.7%、108.5%和22.7%[8]。随着油茶籽的逐渐成熟,油中主要不饱和脂肪酸油酸含量日渐增多,总酚、β-谷甾醇含量也随着油茶籽的成熟而增加,在10月末、11月初达到最大[9]。适时采摘是油茶丰产重要一环,但是油茶不能在完全开裂成熟进行采摘,否则将导致落籽,从而增加茶籽采收成本。一般茶果有10%左右出现正常开裂就可以开始采摘,因此大部分茶果还是没有完全成熟,茶果需要采后采用一定措施来完成油茶后熟过程以提高出油率。王亚萍等人通过研究烘干、堆沤、阴干、晒干4种不同的油茶采后的处理方式发现,油茶果采后直接晒干处理所得油茶籽含油率高,油茶籽油品质最好[10]。然而不同采摘时间及采后不同处理两种结合起来的研究,在目前看来鲜有报道,本文以6 a普通油茶湘林210号和长林18号优良无性系作为研究材料,研究不同采摘时间及采后不同处理方法对茶果相关指标影响,以期为油茶采果时间和采后处理方法确定提供参考依据。
Effects of Different Picking Times and Different Post-harvest Treatments on Oil-tea Camellia Fruit Indicators
doi: 10.12172/202007110001
- Received Date: 2020-07-11
- Available Online: 2020-12-25
- Publish Date: 2021-02-04
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Key words:
- Picking time /
- Post maturation /
- Post-harvest treatment /
- Fruit traits /
- Oil yield
Abstract: In order to scientifically determine the best picking time and post-harvest treatment method of Camellia oleifera, the 6-year-old superior clones of Xiang lin 210 and Chang lin 18 were selected and picked at different mature stages, and different methods were adopted after picking. The single fruit weight, seed moisture content, seed moisture content, kernel oil yield and other related indicators of Camellia oleifera were measured. The results showed that the single fruit weight of Xiang lin 210 varied greatly at different picking time, and decreased slightly with the increase of maturity, while the single fruit weight of Chang lin 18 increased gradually. With the change of picking time, the peel water content of Xiang lin 210 and Chang lin 18 increased to some content. With the later picking time, the seed weight of Xiang lin 210 decreased slightly, while that of Changlin 18 increased gradually, and the water content of tea seeds both showed a downward trend. There was a great difference in the oil yield between the two varieties at different picking times when they were not ripe and after-ripe, but on the whole, the oil yield of Changlin 18 was higher than that of Xianglin 210. With the increase of tea seed storage time, the water content of peeled seeds decreased continuously, while the water content of peeled seeds increased first and then decreased. The kernel yield of peeled seeds increased first and then decreased. The kernel oil yield increased first and then decreased and then increased.