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Chen S B, Wang L H, Wang S, et al. Comparative analysis on prickles and fruiting characteristics of superior clones with fewer prickles in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(1): 1−4 doi: 10.12172/201911180001
Citation: Chen S B, Wang L H, Wang S, et al. Comparative analysis on prickles and fruiting characteristics of superior clones with fewer prickles in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2020, 41(1): 1−4 doi: 10.12172/201911180001

Comparative Analysis on Prickles and Fruiting Characteristics of Superior Clones with Fewer Prickles in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.


doi: 10.12172/201911180001
More Information
  • Received Date: 2019-10-25
    Available Online: 2019-12-27
  • Publish Date: 2020-02-27
  • The aim of this study was to systematically compare branch prickles, leaf prickles and fruiting characteristics of ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’, which were selected as test Zanthoxylum armatum DC. materials with fewer prickles. The results showed that (1) the prickle number, prickle width and prickle length-width ratio of ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’ were significantly different from the control, and the differences between them were not significant. The number of prickles on branches was 72.72% and 70.91% lower than CK respectively. There were significant differences among ‘Danlin No.1’, ‘Danlin No.2’ and CK at prickle length and prickle distance. The prickle distance was 81.14% and 37.96% higher than CK respectively. (2) The number of compound leaf leaflets of ‘Danlin No. 1’ and ‘Danlin No. 2’ was three at most cases, with no prickle on leaves and rachis. But CK compound leaf leaflets were mainly five, with tiny leaf prickles. (3) There were significant differences in ear length and ear width among ‘Danlin No.1’, ‘Danlin No.2’ and CK, with ‘Danlin No.2’ having the largest ear length and ear width, which were 12.54 cm and 7.87 cm respectively. ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’ had no prickle cluster, and the average number of fruit was between 98 and 101, which was significantly different from CK.
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Comparative Analysis on Prickles and Fruiting Characteristics of Superior Clones with Fewer Prickles in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

doi: 10.12172/201911180001
  • 1. Sichuan Academy of Forestry Science, Chengdu 610081, China
  • 2. Sichuan Forest tree Breeding Engineering Technology Center, Chengdu 610081, China
  • 3. Chengdu Chuanren Seedling Planting Co., Ltd., Dayi 611330, China
  • 4. Danling Wangyuan Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Danlin 620220, China

Abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically compare branch prickles, leaf prickles and fruiting characteristics of ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’, which were selected as test Zanthoxylum armatum DC. materials with fewer prickles. The results showed that (1) the prickle number, prickle width and prickle length-width ratio of ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’ were significantly different from the control, and the differences between them were not significant. The number of prickles on branches was 72.72% and 70.91% lower than CK respectively. There were significant differences among ‘Danlin No.1’, ‘Danlin No.2’ and CK at prickle length and prickle distance. The prickle distance was 81.14% and 37.96% higher than CK respectively. (2) The number of compound leaf leaflets of ‘Danlin No. 1’ and ‘Danlin No. 2’ was three at most cases, with no prickle on leaves and rachis. But CK compound leaf leaflets were mainly five, with tiny leaf prickles. (3) There were significant differences in ear length and ear width among ‘Danlin No.1’, ‘Danlin No.2’ and CK, with ‘Danlin No.2’ having the largest ear length and ear width, which were 12.54 cm and 7.87 cm respectively. ‘Danlin No.1’ and ‘Danlin No.2’ had no prickle cluster, and the average number of fruit was between 98 and 101, which was significantly different from CK.

  • 藤椒为芸香科花椒属多年生常绿灌木植物,属于竹叶花椒(Zanthoxylum armatum DC.)中的一个栽培品种,因其叶片狭长,状如竹叶而得名,由于其枝叶披散、延长状若藤蔓,故又名“藤椒”[1-2]。藤椒具有果实颗粒大、油胞突出、香味浓郁、出油率高等特点,是集香料、调料、油料等为一体的特色经济林树种。四川是藤椒的重要产区,栽培较为广泛,眉山、乐山、绵阳、雅安、成都等地均有分布。藤椒产业现已成为我省山区农村经济新的增长点和助农增收、脱贫攻坚的突破口[3]

    花椒属植物大多主干、枝条和叶片均密生皮刺,而皮刺的特殊性决定了其采摘收获的难度。此外,花椒的呈香呈麻风味物质大多分布于表皮突起的薄壁油胞中,操作不当便会引起花椒果皮变暗、麻香味挥发、品质降低。尽管国内在花椒采摘机[4-7]研究方面取得了一定进展,但产品技术不过关、性能不稳定,在生产应用中还不成熟。目前花椒采摘主要依靠人工,劳动强度大、效率低,劳动力日益短缺和机械采摘技术的不成熟,造成花椒生产成本高,尤其是采摘成本高,种植效益相对降低,成为阻碍花椒产业发展的瓶颈因素,影响了椒农发展花椒的积极性。因此,开展藤椒品种遗传改良,培育少刺或无刺品种,是解决果实采收困难的主要途径之一。

    刺是植物本身在长期进化过程中适应外界环境的一种表现,它可以在茎、叶、花和果上发生,按其来源可分为皮刺、枝刺和叶刺等,而皮刺是茎枝、叶片上的表皮或皮层形成的尖锐突起[8-9]。花椒的皮刺结构相对简单,无维管束,其组织细胞形态与茎表皮相近[10]。近年来,先后有陕西大红袍[11]、陇南大红袍[12-13]、荣昌无刺花椒[14]、汉源无刺花椒[15]、汉源葡萄青椒[16]等乡土本地少刺或无刺花椒新品种的报道,而对于藤椒少刺或无刺的研究较少。为进一步探索藤椒皮刺退化或减少的现象,本研究将开展藤椒少刺优良无性系皮刺性状及结实特性的对比分析,揭示藤椒枝刺、叶刺及结实特性,为创新藤椒育种材料提供科学依据。

1.   材料与方法
  • 试验地位于四川省绵阳市盐亭县榉溪乡。该地属亚热带湿润季风气候区,年平均气温16.7 ℃,年平均降水量863.1 mm,无霜期294 d;地形以山地丘陵为主,海拔为380 m~400 m;土壤为紫色土,土层厚度为40 cm~80 cm,土壤pH值为6.5~7.5之间。

  • 试验材料为藤椒少刺优良无性系‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’,以藤椒实生苗作为对照(CK)。其中,‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’为藤椒实生品种中筛选出的接穗,通过多次嫁接培育出的少刺优良无性系。供试材料均选择生长健壮、芽体饱满、无病虫害的3年生树。

  • 观察对比藤椒少刺优良无性系和实生藤椒枝条皮刺、叶片皮刺变化及其结实特性。

  • 按照典型样地调查方法,每个品种选择3株生长势相当的样树,在每株树东、南、西、北、中5个方向各选取1年生结果枝条2枝;然后重复2次,观察测定枝条皮刺、叶片皮刺及结实特性。

    (1)皮刺性状观测:从新梢基部开始,取枝条长100 cm,共计90枝。测量枝条基部直径、皮刺数、每个皮刺长与宽、皮刺间距;调查植株复叶小叶数、复叶长、小叶长、小叶宽、复叶叶轴刺数、复叶叶轴刺长、复叶叶轴刺间距、叶片皮刺数和叶片皮刺长。

    (2)结实特性观测:从每个枝条上、中、下端随机选取果穗,共计90个。分别测定果穗长、果穗宽、果粒数、果序皮刺数、果序皮刺长。

  • 利用SPSS 22.0和Excel 2007对所得数据进行统计与分析。

2.   结果与分析
  • 据调查,不同无性系枝条皮刺性状差异较大(见表1)。藤椒少刺无性系‘丹林1号’当年抽发新梢基部直径最大,达2.17 cm,与对照CK呈差异显著(P<0.05),‘丹林2号’次之,为1.79 cm,与对照CK差异不显著。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’枝条皮刺数、皮刺宽、皮刺长宽比均与对照CK呈差异显著(P<0.05),两者之间呈差异不显著;‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’枝条皮刺数分别为21.13个、22.53个,比CK分别减少72.72%、70.91%;皮刺宽分别为0.70 cm、0.63 cm,比CK分别减少45.31%、50.78%。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’与对照CK皮刺长、皮刺间距均呈差异显著(P<0.05),且两者之间呈差异显著;皮刺长分别为1.22、1.01,比CK分别减少34.76%、45.99%;刺间距分别为8.32 cm、5.96 cm,比CK分别增加81.14%、37.96%。由此可见,‘丹林1号’新梢生长量最大,皮刺数大幅减少,且刺间距增大,‘丹林2号’新梢生长量较‘丹林1号’小,皮刺数大幅减少,皮刺相对短而窄。

    无性系
    Clone
    枝条基部直径/cm
    Diameter at the
    branch base/cm
    皮刺数/个
    Prickle
    number/individual
    皮刺宽/cm
    Prickle
    width/cm
    皮刺长/cm
    Prickle
    length/cm
    皮刺长宽比
    Prickle length-width
    ratio
    皮刺间距/cm
    Prickle
    distance/cm
    丹林1号2.17±0.34 a21.13±8.06 b0.70±0.15 b1.22±0.22 b1.76±0.22 a8.32±2.55 a
    丹林2号1.79±0.44 b22.53±6.68 b0.63±0.19 b1.01±0.20 c1.77±0.65 a5.96±2.62 b
    CK1.64±0.39 b77.46±6.06 a1.28±0.14 a1.87±0.14 a1.48±0.19 b4.32±0.67 c
      平均差异在0.05水平上显著。下同
    The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

    Table 1.  Comparison of prickle characteristics on branches of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. clones with fewer prickles

  • 表2可知,藤椒少刺无性系‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’复叶小叶数以3片居多,而CK以5片居多,但三者复叶长则不显著;‘丹林2号’小叶长和小叶宽均为最大,达7.20 cm和3.74 cm,分别高于对照CK的1.20 cm和1.0 cm;‘丹林1号’次之,分别为6.60 cm和3.24 cm。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’叶片及叶轴均无刺,而对照CK则有细小叶刺。总体来看,藤椒少刺无性系‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’复叶小叶数减少,但小叶长和宽均有所增大,且叶片均无皮刺。

    无性系
    Clone
    小叶数/片
    Lobular
    number/piece
    复叶长/cm
    Length of
    compound leaves/cm
    小叶长/cm
    Lobular length/cm
    小叶宽/cm
    Lobular width/cm
    叶轴刺数/个
    Prickle number
    of rachis/
    individual
    叶轴刺长/cm
    Prickle
    length of
    rachis /cm
    叶轴刺间距/cm
    Prickle distance
    of rachis/cm
    叶片刺数/个
    Prickle number
    of leaf /ind vidual
    叶片刺长/cm
    Prickle length
    of leaf/cm
    丹林1号3.27±0.69 b13.00±2.20 a6.60±1.19 ab3.24±0.63 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b
    丹林2号3.00 c13.54±2.20 a7.20±1.50 a3.74±0.60 a0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b
    CK5.00 a13.65±1.52 a6.00±0.87 b2.74±0.36 c4.97±1.32 a0.37±0.14 a2.50±0.42 a9.13±4.15 a0.15±0.03 a

    Table 2.  Comparison of prickle characteristics on leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. clones with fewer prickles

  • 表3可知,‘丹林1号’果序基径最粗,达0.58 cm,与‘丹林2号’和CK呈差异显著(P<0.05),而‘丹林2号’和CK之间差异不显著,果序基径在0.39 cm~0.42 cm之间。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’与CK之间果穗长和果穗宽呈差异显著,其中‘丹林2号’果穗长和果穗宽最大,分别为12.54 cm、7.87 cm,‘丹林1号’次之,分别为11.05 cm、7.14 cm。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’果穗(果柄)无刺,平均果粒数为98~101粒之间,与CK呈差异显著。

    无性系
    Clone
    果序基径/cm
    Diameter at the
    cluster base/cm
    果穗长/cm
    Ear length/cm
    果穗宽/cm
    Ear width/cm
    果穗长宽比
    Ear length-width
    ratio
    果粒数/个
    Fruits number/
    individual
    果穗皮刺长/cm
    Prickle length
    of cluster/cm
    果穗皮刺宽/cm
    Prickle length
    of cluster/cm
    果形指数
    Fruit shape index
    丹林1号0.58±0.10 a11.05±2.17 b7.14±1.48 b1.59±0.37 a98.33±25.71 a0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b1.21±0.10 a
    丹林2号0.42±0.09 b12.54±2.15 a7.87±1.68 a1.64±0.32 a100.90±31.69 a0.00±0.00 b0.00±0.00 b1.22±0.11 a
    CK0.39±0.03 b7.34±1.37 c4.90±0.58 c1.52±0.33 a75.73±9.89 b0.40±0.77 a0.15±0.28 a1.17±0.07 a

    Table 3.  Comparison of fruiting characteristics of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. clones with fewer prickles

3.   讨论与结论
  • 皮刺是花椒属植物的重要性状特征,主要分布在茎、叶片和叶柄上,花椒多刺成为限制花椒产业发展和机械化采摘的重要原因,而无刺花椒是目前国内花椒育种中的一个热点[17]。花椒采用多重嫁接栽培,皮刺比一次嫁接进一步减少,对解决花椒皮刺多、采摘成本高、成熟晚及品质较差等问题效果明显[18-20]。本项目选育藤椒优良无性系‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’也是通过多次嫁接获得,枝刺稀而少,叶刺完全退化。

    近年来,国内先后有本地无刺花椒的报道,但通过文献查阅和实地调查,这些无刺花椒均有少量的皮刺。而本研究中,‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’皮刺数、皮刺宽、皮刺长宽比均与对照CK差异显著,枝条皮刺数分别比CK减少72.72%、70.91%;‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’与CK皮刺长、皮刺间距三者之间差异显著,刺间距分别比CK增加81.14%、37.96%。说明‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’与藤椒实生苗相比较,枝条皮刺数显著减少,皮刺宽和皮刺长均减小,皮刺间距显著增大。同时,‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’复叶小叶数以3片居多,叶片、叶轴及果穗(果柄)均无刺。因此,针对藤椒鲜椒(净椒)采收时,减少果实采摘难度,降低人工劳动成本,提高采收效率。

    ‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’与CK之间果穗长和果穗宽呈差异显著,‘丹林2号’果穗长和果穗宽最大,分别为12.54 cm、7.87 cm。‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’果穗(果柄)无刺,平均果粒数为98~101粒之间。说明‘丹林1号’和‘丹林2号’不仅皮刺减少或无刺,而且果穗长,经济性状较好,能提高丰产。而对于藤椒少刺优良无性系皮刺的结构组织、化学成分及果实品质等方面,还需要进一步的研究。

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