2023 Vol. 44 Issue 4
2023 Vol. 44, No. 4 Catalogue
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2023, 44(4): 1-10.
doi: 10.12172/202208290004
Abstract:
Based on many years of field investigation, combined with relevant scientific literatures, the flora composition and characteristics of seed plants distributed in Mountain Emei area were analyzed. The floristic analysis showed that: (1) There were 177 families, 984 genera and 2980 species of seed plants in Mount Emei area. Among them, there were 33 species, 21 genera, 5 families of gymnosperms, and 2947 species, 963 genera, and 172 families of angiosperms. (2) According to the distribution pattern of families, the families of tropical-subtropical elements were dominant, but the families of temperate elements also accounted for a large proportion, with 74 families and 53 families respectively, accounting for 57.81% and 41.41% of the non-world widespread families respectively. Among the distribution types at the genus level, temperate components were slightly dominant, with 450 genera, accounting for 49.29% of non-worldwide genera. Comprehensive analysis showed that the temperate and tropical-subtropical components intersect and merge in Mount Emei area. The temperate distribution was dominant but the tropical and subtropical nature was also obvious, which showed the characteristics of the transition from tropical-subtropical to temperate zone. (3) In Mount Emei area, the flora of seed plants is complex and rich, and there are many endangered, endemic and ancient species.
Based on many years of field investigation, combined with relevant scientific literatures, the flora composition and characteristics of seed plants distributed in Mountain Emei area were analyzed. The floristic analysis showed that: (1) There were 177 families, 984 genera and 2980 species of seed plants in Mount Emei area. Among them, there were 33 species, 21 genera, 5 families of gymnosperms, and 2947 species, 963 genera, and 172 families of angiosperms. (2) According to the distribution pattern of families, the families of tropical-subtropical elements were dominant, but the families of temperate elements also accounted for a large proportion, with 74 families and 53 families respectively, accounting for 57.81% and 41.41% of the non-world widespread families respectively. Among the distribution types at the genus level, temperate components were slightly dominant, with 450 genera, accounting for 49.29% of non-worldwide genera. Comprehensive analysis showed that the temperate and tropical-subtropical components intersect and merge in Mount Emei area. The temperate distribution was dominant but the tropical and subtropical nature was also obvious, which showed the characteristics of the transition from tropical-subtropical to temperate zone. (3) In Mount Emei area, the flora of seed plants is complex and rich, and there are many endangered, endemic and ancient species.
2023, 44(4): 11-18.
doi: 10.12172/202209140001
Abstract:
With the vigorous development of scientific research and citizen science, more and more new records of birds in China have been discovered in recent years. It is of great significance for ornithological research and bird conservation to timely collect these data and explore the potential patterns of bird distribution changes. Therefore, based on books and journal literature, the new records of birds were systematically collated among different provincial administrative regions of China in recent decade. The results showed that there were 1456 bird species, belonging to 26 orders and 110 families in China up to March 31, 2022. 48.86% bird species had been first found in one or more provincial administrative region of China, and among these, 37 species were first discovered in China. Except Macao, all other provincial administrative regions had new records of birds , and most records were distributed highly in southeast, southwest and north of China. Most birds of new records were belonged to Passeriformes and Charadriiformes, which showed the increase of the former in the regions such as Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces, and the increase of the latter in the regions such as Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. According to the habitat analysis of the new records, 86.07% of the new records were concentrated in waters, forests and residential areas. The number of newly recorded species decreased with the increase of human footprint index. The results suggested that new bird record increasing may be related to survey efforts, protection effectiveness, environmental changes and bird own traits. Therefore, we suggested that researchers and managers should strengthen the survey effort of birds, especially in the remote areas, and pay more attention to the impact of climate and habitat changes on biodiversity.
With the vigorous development of scientific research and citizen science, more and more new records of birds in China have been discovered in recent years. It is of great significance for ornithological research and bird conservation to timely collect these data and explore the potential patterns of bird distribution changes. Therefore, based on books and journal literature, the new records of birds were systematically collated among different provincial administrative regions of China in recent decade. The results showed that there were 1456 bird species, belonging to 26 orders and 110 families in China up to March 31, 2022. 48.86% bird species had been first found in one or more provincial administrative region of China, and among these, 37 species were first discovered in China. Except Macao, all other provincial administrative regions had new records of birds , and most records were distributed highly in southeast, southwest and north of China. Most birds of new records were belonged to Passeriformes and Charadriiformes, which showed the increase of the former in the regions such as Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces, and the increase of the latter in the regions such as Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. According to the habitat analysis of the new records, 86.07% of the new records were concentrated in waters, forests and residential areas. The number of newly recorded species decreased with the increase of human footprint index. The results suggested that new bird record increasing may be related to survey efforts, protection effectiveness, environmental changes and bird own traits. Therefore, we suggested that researchers and managers should strengthen the survey effort of birds, especially in the remote areas, and pay more attention to the impact of climate and habitat changes on biodiversity.
2023, 44(4): 19-26.
doi: 10.12172/202210190003
Abstract:
Pleioblastus is a kind of natural resource plant with high nutritional value, which can be used as both medicine and food. It is widely distributed in China, and has a high yield. Its stems, leaves, bamboo shoots and other parts all contain a variety of functional active substances, which has high development and utilization value. Therefore, the biological activities and application research of Pleioblastus were summarized in order to provide guidance and scientific basis for the further processing and exploitation of Pleioblastus.
Pleioblastus is a kind of natural resource plant with high nutritional value, which can be used as both medicine and food. It is widely distributed in China, and has a high yield. Its stems, leaves, bamboo shoots and other parts all contain a variety of functional active substances, which has high development and utilization value. Therefore, the biological activities and application research of Pleioblastus were summarized in order to provide guidance and scientific basis for the further processing and exploitation of Pleioblastus.
2023, 44(4): 27-35.
doi: 10.12172/202305190001
Abstract:
Phoebe zhennan is a precious and unique timber species in China. The establishment of a core collection have important value for the strengthen of resources protection and utilization, and speed up the breeding process of P. zhennan. Taking 102 germplasms of P. zhennan as materials. The methods of maximization strategy (M strategy), random sampling, simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity, and simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were used to construct the core collections using 14 SSR primers. The results showed that 166 alleles were detected by 14 SSR primers, and the average of the effective alleles was 4.875. The Shannon’s information index was 1.297, indicated relative high genetic diversity in the germplasms of P. zhennan. Comparative analysis showed that the core collections with relative high sampling proportion of constructed by maximization strategy, simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity, and simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were all showed high representativeness. The retention of alleles in core collections that constructed by simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles and maximization strategy were all reached 100.00%, but the retention of the effective alleles and genetic diversity in core collection that constructed by algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were lower than maximization strategy. There was no obviously difference of the retention of Shannon’s information index in core collections that constructed by simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity and maximization strategy, but the alleles and effective alleles in core collection that constructed by maximization strategy were higher than simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity. Therefore, maximization strategy was the best sampling strategy in core collection construction according to the genetic diversity parameters. The principal coordinate analysis also showed that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the origin collection. The 60 germplasms includes 58.8% of the all germplasms, the retention of alleles, effective alleles, and Shannon’s information index were 100.00%, 120.51%, and 106.86%. Specific molecular identity for 60 core collections were established by the bands of 14 SSR primers, which could accurately identification the core collections. Our results provided theoretical basis and core materials for further research, utilization, and excellent gene resource mining of P. zhennan germplasms.
Phoebe zhennan is a precious and unique timber species in China. The establishment of a core collection have important value for the strengthen of resources protection and utilization, and speed up the breeding process of P. zhennan. Taking 102 germplasms of P. zhennan as materials. The methods of maximization strategy (M strategy), random sampling, simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity, and simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were used to construct the core collections using 14 SSR primers. The results showed that 166 alleles were detected by 14 SSR primers, and the average of the effective alleles was 4.875. The Shannon’s information index was 1.297, indicated relative high genetic diversity in the germplasms of P. zhennan. Comparative analysis showed that the core collections with relative high sampling proportion of constructed by maximization strategy, simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity, and simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were all showed high representativeness. The retention of alleles in core collections that constructed by simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the number of alleles and maximization strategy were all reached 100.00%, but the retention of the effective alleles and genetic diversity in core collection that constructed by algorithm maximizing the number of alleles were lower than maximization strategy. There was no obviously difference of the retention of Shannon’s information index in core collections that constructed by simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity and maximization strategy, but the alleles and effective alleles in core collection that constructed by maximization strategy were higher than simulated annealing algorithm maximizing the genetic diversity. Therefore, maximization strategy was the best sampling strategy in core collection construction according to the genetic diversity parameters. The principal coordinate analysis also showed that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the origin collection. The 60 germplasms includes 58.8% of the all germplasms, the retention of alleles, effective alleles, and Shannon’s information index were 100.00%, 120.51%, and 106.86%. Specific molecular identity for 60 core collections were established by the bands of 14 SSR primers, which could accurately identification the core collections. Our results provided theoretical basis and core materials for further research, utilization, and excellent gene resource mining of P. zhennan germplasms.
2023, 44(4): 36-42.
doi: 10.12172/202210080001
Abstract:
As a non-leguminous and nitrogen-fixing tree species, Alnus cremastogyne is also the most important endemic species of Alnus in China, which has important ecological functions. In this paper, the genetic differences of Genomic-SSR and EST-SSR markers in Alnus cremastogyne genome were analyzed. The results showed that the average number of alleles and the average number of effective alleles with EST-SSR were higher than those of genomic-SSR, while the average observed heterozygosity and average expected heterozygosity were higher than those of EST-SSR. Cluster analysis showed that there were differences between genomic-SSR and EST-SSR in small groups, which indicated that there were some differences between Genomic-SSR and EST-SSR in analyzing genetic diversity and genetic relationship to a certain extent, and more objective results could be obtained by combining the two marker methods.
As a non-leguminous and nitrogen-fixing tree species, Alnus cremastogyne is also the most important endemic species of Alnus in China, which has important ecological functions. In this paper, the genetic differences of Genomic-SSR and EST-SSR markers in Alnus cremastogyne genome were analyzed. The results showed that the average number of alleles and the average number of effective alleles with EST-SSR were higher than those of genomic-SSR, while the average observed heterozygosity and average expected heterozygosity were higher than those of EST-SSR. Cluster analysis showed that there were differences between genomic-SSR and EST-SSR in small groups, which indicated that there were some differences between Genomic-SSR and EST-SSR in analyzing genetic diversity and genetic relationship to a certain extent, and more objective results could be obtained by combining the two marker methods.
2023, 44(4): 43-48.
doi: 10.12172/202303100001
Abstract:
In order to understand the ecological and chemical metrological characteristics of C, N, P, K in various organs of the artificial cypress forest in the hilly area of central Sichuan, master the distribution pattern of nutrient elements in the cypress forest and the nutrient restriction status of various organs, samples were taken from the leaves, branches, trunks, bark, roots and other organs of the artificial cypress forest in this area to analyze their water content, C, N, P, K content, C/N, C/P and the correlation between various elements, The results showed that: (1) The contents of C, N, P, K in leaves were significantly higher than those in other organs; The highest C/N was in branches (69.25 ± 13.09) and the lowest was in leaves (34.05 ± 8.41). The C/P of each organ varies greatly. The C/P of leaves was the lowest (602.66 ± 208.75). There was no significant difference between leaf C content and bark and branch C content (P>0.05), but there was significant difference between leaf C content and stem and root C content (P<0.05). There was significant difference between the N content of leaves and bark and that of other organs (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the N content of stems, roots and branches (P>0.05). The P content in leaves was significantly different from that in other organs (P<0.05), but not in other organs (P>0.05). The C/N of bark and leaf were significantly different from that of other organs (P<0.05), while the C/N of trunk, root and branch were not significantly different (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in C/P between root, stem and branch (P>0.05), but significant difference in C/P between root, bark and leaf (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the C/P of bark and that of leaves and branches (P>0.05). Except that there was no significant difference between the C/P of leaves and bark (P>0.05), there was significant difference between the C/P of leaves and other organs (P<0.05). (2) The coefficient of variation of C content in all organs was below 7%, which belonged to weak variation; Except for the weak variation of stem, the rest of N content belonged to the medium variation; P content was moderate variation in leaves and branches, but strong variation in stems, roots and bark; The law of K content is similar to that of P content. (3) N was positively correlated with C (P<0.05), positively correlated with P and K (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with C/P (P<0.01); C content was positively correlated with K (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with C/N (P<0.05); P content was positively correlated with K (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with C/P (P<0.01); K content was negatively correlated with C/N and C/P (P<0.01); C/N was positively correlated with C/P (P<0.01).(4) The content of N and P in the cypress forest is relatively scarce, so N and P fertilizer should be reasonably increased, or the mixed forest should be formed by thinning and replanting alder and other leguminous plants to improve the soil capacity and promote the nutrient cycle of the forest land.
In order to understand the ecological and chemical metrological characteristics of C, N, P, K in various organs of the artificial cypress forest in the hilly area of central Sichuan, master the distribution pattern of nutrient elements in the cypress forest and the nutrient restriction status of various organs, samples were taken from the leaves, branches, trunks, bark, roots and other organs of the artificial cypress forest in this area to analyze their water content, C, N, P, K content, C/N, C/P and the correlation between various elements, The results showed that: (1) The contents of C, N, P, K in leaves were significantly higher than those in other organs; The highest C/N was in branches (69.25 ± 13.09) and the lowest was in leaves (34.05 ± 8.41). The C/P of each organ varies greatly. The C/P of leaves was the lowest (602.66 ± 208.75). There was no significant difference between leaf C content and bark and branch C content (P>0.05), but there was significant difference between leaf C content and stem and root C content (P<0.05). There was significant difference between the N content of leaves and bark and that of other organs (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the N content of stems, roots and branches (P>0.05). The P content in leaves was significantly different from that in other organs (P<0.05), but not in other organs (P>0.05). The C/N of bark and leaf were significantly different from that of other organs (P<0.05), while the C/N of trunk, root and branch were not significantly different (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in C/P between root, stem and branch (P>0.05), but significant difference in C/P between root, bark and leaf (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the C/P of bark and that of leaves and branches (P>0.05). Except that there was no significant difference between the C/P of leaves and bark (P>0.05), there was significant difference between the C/P of leaves and other organs (P<0.05). (2) The coefficient of variation of C content in all organs was below 7%, which belonged to weak variation; Except for the weak variation of stem, the rest of N content belonged to the medium variation; P content was moderate variation in leaves and branches, but strong variation in stems, roots and bark; The law of K content is similar to that of P content. (3) N was positively correlated with C (P<0.05), positively correlated with P and K (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with C/P (P<0.01); C content was positively correlated with K (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with C/N (P<0.05); P content was positively correlated with K (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with C/P (P<0.01); K content was negatively correlated with C/N and C/P (P<0.01); C/N was positively correlated with C/P (P<0.01).(4) The content of N and P in the cypress forest is relatively scarce, so N and P fertilizer should be reasonably increased, or the mixed forest should be formed by thinning and replanting alder and other leguminous plants to improve the soil capacity and promote the nutrient cycle of the forest land.
2023, 44(4): 49-57.
doi: 10.12172/202209210003
Abstract:
It is of great significance to explore the land use conflict in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration to promote regional sustainable development. The characteristics of land use change in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed, and the land use conflict were calculated by landscape ecological risk assessment method, and its differentiation characteristics were studied by spatial autocorrelation and geostatistics methods. The results showed that: (1) The land use of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration was mainly cultivated land and forest land, and the area of land use types showed a trend of "three increases and three decreases", and the area of construction land and forest land increased obviously. (2) The overall level of land use conflicts in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration were mainly of controllable, but the intensity of conflicts had increased, and the spatial distribution had obvious spatial agglomeration. The intensity of conflicts varied with different land types, and the conflicts mainly focused on cultivated land, woodland and construction land types. (3) The impact of human activities on land use conflicts was gradually increasing. From 2010 to 2020, the basic ratio of land use conflict increased from 0.197 to 0.487, and the spatial correlation weakened, and the influence of natural factors on land use conflict gradually weakened. From 2010 to 2020, land use conflicts in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration intensified, and the impact of human activities on conflicts was strengthened. Land supervision and legal protection measures should be strengthened in the subsequent development.
It is of great significance to explore the land use conflict in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration to promote regional sustainable development. The characteristics of land use change in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed, and the land use conflict were calculated by landscape ecological risk assessment method, and its differentiation characteristics were studied by spatial autocorrelation and geostatistics methods. The results showed that: (1) The land use of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration was mainly cultivated land and forest land, and the area of land use types showed a trend of "three increases and three decreases", and the area of construction land and forest land increased obviously. (2) The overall level of land use conflicts in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration were mainly of controllable, but the intensity of conflicts had increased, and the spatial distribution had obvious spatial agglomeration. The intensity of conflicts varied with different land types, and the conflicts mainly focused on cultivated land, woodland and construction land types. (3) The impact of human activities on land use conflicts was gradually increasing. From 2010 to 2020, the basic ratio of land use conflict increased from 0.197 to 0.487, and the spatial correlation weakened, and the influence of natural factors on land use conflict gradually weakened. From 2010 to 2020, land use conflicts in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration intensified, and the impact of human activities on conflicts was strengthened. Land supervision and legal protection measures should be strengthened in the subsequent development.
2023, 44(4): 58-67.
doi: 10.12172/202210140001
Abstract:
Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, locates in central Minshan Mountains and harbors a rich fauna with high species diversity. From November 2019 to December 2021, we conducted a camera-trapping survey in Jiuzhaigou reserve to investigate its terrestrial mammals and birds. With an extensive sampling effort of 76 342 camera-days at 106 camera stations which spans across a broad elevation range from 2 189-3 514 m, we recorded 25 wild mammal species (belonging to 13 families and 5 orders) with 11 045 independent detections and 33 bird species (belonging to 10 families and 4 orders) with 648 independent detections. Among these species, 14 mammal species (4 as Class I and 10 as Class II) and 13 bird species (3 as Class I and 10 as Class II) are listed as China’s key protected wildlife species. Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 48.66) and blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus, RAI = 2.33) are the most detected mammal and bird species, respectively. Artiodactyla and Galliformes are the dominant mammal and bird group in the community, whose independent detections account for 84.92% and 64.50%, respectively, of all mammal and bird detections. Seven species, including five mammals, i.e., Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana), Asian badger (Meles leucurus), Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), sambar (Rusa unicolor) and sika deer (Cervus nippon), and two birds, i.e., Sichuan thrush (Zoothera griseiceps) and Chinese blackbird (Turdus mandarinus), are recorded for the first time in Jiuzhaigou. Compared to the two previous camera-trapping surveys in Jiuzhaigou, this study covered much broader areas with higher sampling efforts and recorded more species in the reserve. These results will provide reliable data base for the biodiversity inventory and species list updating of Jiuzhaigou, and will serve as the foundation for the reserve to establish a systematic wildlife monitoring system and carry out future conservation and management actions.
Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, locates in central Minshan Mountains and harbors a rich fauna with high species diversity. From November 2019 to December 2021, we conducted a camera-trapping survey in Jiuzhaigou reserve to investigate its terrestrial mammals and birds. With an extensive sampling effort of 76 342 camera-days at 106 camera stations which spans across a broad elevation range from 2 189-3 514 m, we recorded 25 wild mammal species (belonging to 13 families and 5 orders) with 11 045 independent detections and 33 bird species (belonging to 10 families and 4 orders) with 648 independent detections. Among these species, 14 mammal species (4 as Class I and 10 as Class II) and 13 bird species (3 as Class I and 10 as Class II) are listed as China’s key protected wildlife species. Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 48.66) and blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus, RAI = 2.33) are the most detected mammal and bird species, respectively. Artiodactyla and Galliformes are the dominant mammal and bird group in the community, whose independent detections account for 84.92% and 64.50%, respectively, of all mammal and bird detections. Seven species, including five mammals, i.e., Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana), Asian badger (Meles leucurus), Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), sambar (Rusa unicolor) and sika deer (Cervus nippon), and two birds, i.e., Sichuan thrush (Zoothera griseiceps) and Chinese blackbird (Turdus mandarinus), are recorded for the first time in Jiuzhaigou. Compared to the two previous camera-trapping surveys in Jiuzhaigou, this study covered much broader areas with higher sampling efforts and recorded more species in the reserve. These results will provide reliable data base for the biodiversity inventory and species list updating of Jiuzhaigou, and will serve as the foundation for the reserve to establish a systematic wildlife monitoring system and carry out future conservation and management actions.
2023, 44(4): 68-73.
doi: 10.12172/202209130001
Abstract:
In order to investigate the short-term control effects of different biological rodenticides on plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), a comparative experiment was conducted in Zoige county in May 2022 on the feeding rate and control effects of four biological rodenticides, named Xinbeiao (BR1), Bromadiolone (BR2), Stratagemò (BR3) and Shudaonan (BR4), respectively, in order to provide basic data for the selection of rodent population control rodenticides in degraded grassland on plateau. The results showed that: (1) The short-term feeding rate of plateau pika on the four chemicals was as follows: BR4 (100.0 %)> BR3 (98.3 %) > BR1 (77.0 %) > BR2 (67.4 %). (2) The rate of killing holes with chemicals was BR2 (86.0 %) > BR4 (52.9 %) > BR1 (41.0 %) > BR3 (34.8 %). BR2 had the best short-term control effect, followed by BR4 and BR1. Considering ecological security, grassland degradation degree, rodent population status, palatability, mechanism of action and control effect, BR2 and BR4 could be used for emergency control of plateau pika population in severely degraded grassland. But the protection of non-target mammals should be strengthened when applying BR2. For the long-term routine prevention and control of moderately and lightly degraded grassland, BR1 and BR3 could be used.
In order to investigate the short-term control effects of different biological rodenticides on plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), a comparative experiment was conducted in Zoige county in May 2022 on the feeding rate and control effects of four biological rodenticides, named Xinbeiao (BR1), Bromadiolone (BR2), Stratagemò (BR3) and Shudaonan (BR4), respectively, in order to provide basic data for the selection of rodent population control rodenticides in degraded grassland on plateau. The results showed that: (1) The short-term feeding rate of plateau pika on the four chemicals was as follows: BR4 (100.0 %)> BR3 (98.3 %) > BR1 (77.0 %) > BR2 (67.4 %). (2) The rate of killing holes with chemicals was BR2 (86.0 %) > BR4 (52.9 %) > BR1 (41.0 %) > BR3 (34.8 %). BR2 had the best short-term control effect, followed by BR4 and BR1. Considering ecological security, grassland degradation degree, rodent population status, palatability, mechanism of action and control effect, BR2 and BR4 could be used for emergency control of plateau pika population in severely degraded grassland. But the protection of non-target mammals should be strengthened when applying BR2. For the long-term routine prevention and control of moderately and lightly degraded grassland, BR1 and BR3 could be used.
2023, 44(4): 74-81.
doi: 10.12172/202210010001
Abstract:
In this paper, Quercus aquifolioides in Sejila Mountain was taken as the research object, and the population structure characteristics and its changing trend at different altitudes were analyzed. A 50 m × 700 m transect was set up in Sejila Mountain, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and it was divided into fourteen 50 m × 50 m quadrats. The diameter class, height and crown structure of the population in each quadrat were studied respectively. According to the specific number of distribution plants, the variation rules and causes of different structures were studied according to the charts. The results showed that : (1) The best survival range of Q. aquifolioides was between 3400 m and 3550 m above sea level, and it was not suitable for the survival of Q. aquifolioides above 3600 m. The seedlings and saplings of Q. aquifolioides were distributed at an altitude of 3400 m-3780 m, and the number of trees above 3600 m was less. (2) There were more young seedlings of Q. aquifolioides, and fewer individuals grow to the young tree stage. The young seedlings had strong competitiveness in the growth process, while the competitiveness and viability were weak when they grow to the young tree stage. (3) With the increase of altitude, the diameter distribution range of Q. aquifolioides population gradually decreased, and the population density also decreased. (4) From 3400 m to 3780 m above sea level, the height structure of Q. aquifolioides population increased first and then decreased. (5) From 3400 m to 3500 m above sea level, the canopy structure of Q. aquifolioides population increased continuously, reaching the maximum at 3500 m, and then decreased with the elevation. Soil, water, temperature, and vegetation growth space were different at different altitude gradients, which caused different structural changes in the Q. aquifolioides population at different altitude gradients.
In this paper, Quercus aquifolioides in Sejila Mountain was taken as the research object, and the population structure characteristics and its changing trend at different altitudes were analyzed. A 50 m × 700 m transect was set up in Sejila Mountain, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and it was divided into fourteen 50 m × 50 m quadrats. The diameter class, height and crown structure of the population in each quadrat were studied respectively. According to the specific number of distribution plants, the variation rules and causes of different structures were studied according to the charts. The results showed that : (1) The best survival range of Q. aquifolioides was between 3400 m and 3550 m above sea level, and it was not suitable for the survival of Q. aquifolioides above 3600 m. The seedlings and saplings of Q. aquifolioides were distributed at an altitude of 3400 m-3780 m, and the number of trees above 3600 m was less. (2) There were more young seedlings of Q. aquifolioides, and fewer individuals grow to the young tree stage. The young seedlings had strong competitiveness in the growth process, while the competitiveness and viability were weak when they grow to the young tree stage. (3) With the increase of altitude, the diameter distribution range of Q. aquifolioides population gradually decreased, and the population density also decreased. (4) From 3400 m to 3780 m above sea level, the height structure of Q. aquifolioides population increased first and then decreased. (5) From 3400 m to 3500 m above sea level, the canopy structure of Q. aquifolioides population increased continuously, reaching the maximum at 3500 m, and then decreased with the elevation. Soil, water, temperature, and vegetation growth space were different at different altitude gradients, which caused different structural changes in the Q. aquifolioides population at different altitude gradients.
2023, 44(4): 82-87.
doi: 10.12172/202210120001
Abstract:
During the process of karst ecosystem degradation (forest-shrub-grass cover change process), the total organic carbon storage of soil decreased significantly, indicating that karst soil changed from atmospheric CO2 sink to carbon source, which had adverse effects on the atmospheric environment. The vegetation type also changed from C3 vegetation to C4 vegetation, which made soil organic carbon become heavier. The microbial biomass carbon in the active organic carbon component of soil also changed correspondingly, and the microbial biomass carbon in soil layer B decreased significantly, but the content of dissolved organic carbon in soil did not show a significant difference, which may be one of the reasons for the decline of soil organic carbon in degraded karst ecosystem. Therefore, effectively preventing the degradation of the karst ecosystem will significantly promote the role of the karst ecosystem as a sink of atmospheric CO2 in global change. At the same time, it will play an important role in protecting the biodiversity of the karst ecosystem. The karst forest soil had a high carbon storage, and the organic carbon content in the top soil was as high as 87.12±35.10 g·kg−1, and the organic carbon content in the whole profile was high, and the carbon content in the lower soil layer was higher than that in the lower soil layer of other vegetation types. The degradation of karst ecosystem had not significantly affected the DOC content in karst soil, but from the perspective of the content under the three vegetation conditions, the forest vegetation was the highest, while the shrub land was the lowest and grassland was the lowest. The stable isotope δ13C value of organic carbon in karst soil changed from 26.15 ‰ under forest to 25.44 ‰ under shrub, showing a relatively consistent phenomenon with the stable carbon isotope change of plant leaves. After changing into grassland system, the stable carbon isotope δ13C value of soil increased significantly, reaching -20.83‰, which also showed the same change as that of vegetation.
During the process of karst ecosystem degradation (forest-shrub-grass cover change process), the total organic carbon storage of soil decreased significantly, indicating that karst soil changed from atmospheric CO2 sink to carbon source, which had adverse effects on the atmospheric environment. The vegetation type also changed from C3 vegetation to C4 vegetation, which made soil organic carbon become heavier. The microbial biomass carbon in the active organic carbon component of soil also changed correspondingly, and the microbial biomass carbon in soil layer B decreased significantly, but the content of dissolved organic carbon in soil did not show a significant difference, which may be one of the reasons for the decline of soil organic carbon in degraded karst ecosystem. Therefore, effectively preventing the degradation of the karst ecosystem will significantly promote the role of the karst ecosystem as a sink of atmospheric CO2 in global change. At the same time, it will play an important role in protecting the biodiversity of the karst ecosystem. The karst forest soil had a high carbon storage, and the organic carbon content in the top soil was as high as 87.12±35.10 g·kg−1, and the organic carbon content in the whole profile was high, and the carbon content in the lower soil layer was higher than that in the lower soil layer of other vegetation types. The degradation of karst ecosystem had not significantly affected the DOC content in karst soil, but from the perspective of the content under the three vegetation conditions, the forest vegetation was the highest, while the shrub land was the lowest and grassland was the lowest. The stable isotope δ13C value of organic carbon in karst soil changed from 26.15 ‰ under forest to 25.44 ‰ under shrub, showing a relatively consistent phenomenon with the stable carbon isotope change of plant leaves. After changing into grassland system, the stable carbon isotope δ13C value of soil increased significantly, reaching -20.83‰, which also showed the same change as that of vegetation.
2023, 44(4): 88-96.
doi: 10.12172/202210230003
Abstract:
Ochroma lagopus is a perennial woody plant of the kapok family which also named balsa wood, and its wood is mainly used to make blades of wind driven generator. However, the balsa wood needed in China is completely imported from Indonesia and Ecuador, thus the localization of balsa wood is the guarantee to ensure the sustainable development of Chinese wind power industry. This research aimed to investigate the optimal seed germination conditions, the suitable pH for plants growth, and the cold tolerance of Ochroma lagopus under low temperature. This study improved the planting technology and lay the foundation for the localization of Ochroma lagopus industry. The seeds before germination were constantly treated 50 min at 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃, 65℃, 70℃, 75℃ and 80℃ in the water bath. Two-month-old seedlings were cultured at 0℃, 2℃, 4℃, 6℃ and 8℃for 3 days to discover the low temperature tolerance limits of balsa wood. The seedlings of Ochroma lagopus were planted in pots with pH values of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. The increment height of each plant was recorded weekly for 120 days. The germination rate of seeds was the highest after treatment at 55℃, which could reach 80%. However, the germination rate of control seeds was only 34%, and heat treatment obviously improved the germination rate of light wood seeds. The aseptic seedling exhibited low death rate under 4-8℃ conditions; while the seedlings exhibited 79.24%, 35.83% and 6.28% death rate under 0℃, 2℃ and 4℃ conditions, respectively. The seedlings grown in the soil were also treated with 8℃, 6℃, 5℃ and 4℃ for 3 days, the death rate of seedlings was 33.33% and 58.33% when treated with 5℃ and 4℃, respectively. The results showed that the growth was the best at pH 6.0, with an average plant height increase of 188.67 cm, while the height was only 102.26 cm at pH 4.0. During the 120 days, the height of plants grown at pH 6.0 were 84.97% taller than that of pH 4.0 condition. According to these results, the optimal balsa wood seed germination condition was that the seeds were soaked at 55℃ for 50 min, and the low temperature above 4℃ had no obvious damage to Ochroma lagopus; and the optimum pH value for planting Ochroma lagopus was 6.0.
Ochroma lagopus is a perennial woody plant of the kapok family which also named balsa wood, and its wood is mainly used to make blades of wind driven generator. However, the balsa wood needed in China is completely imported from Indonesia and Ecuador, thus the localization of balsa wood is the guarantee to ensure the sustainable development of Chinese wind power industry. This research aimed to investigate the optimal seed germination conditions, the suitable pH for plants growth, and the cold tolerance of Ochroma lagopus under low temperature. This study improved the planting technology and lay the foundation for the localization of Ochroma lagopus industry. The seeds before germination were constantly treated 50 min at 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃, 65℃, 70℃, 75℃ and 80℃ in the water bath. Two-month-old seedlings were cultured at 0℃, 2℃, 4℃, 6℃ and 8℃for 3 days to discover the low temperature tolerance limits of balsa wood. The seedlings of Ochroma lagopus were planted in pots with pH values of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. The increment height of each plant was recorded weekly for 120 days. The germination rate of seeds was the highest after treatment at 55℃, which could reach 80%. However, the germination rate of control seeds was only 34%, and heat treatment obviously improved the germination rate of light wood seeds. The aseptic seedling exhibited low death rate under 4-8℃ conditions; while the seedlings exhibited 79.24%, 35.83% and 6.28% death rate under 0℃, 2℃ and 4℃ conditions, respectively. The seedlings grown in the soil were also treated with 8℃, 6℃, 5℃ and 4℃ for 3 days, the death rate of seedlings was 33.33% and 58.33% when treated with 5℃ and 4℃, respectively. The results showed that the growth was the best at pH 6.0, with an average plant height increase of 188.67 cm, while the height was only 102.26 cm at pH 4.0. During the 120 days, the height of plants grown at pH 6.0 were 84.97% taller than that of pH 4.0 condition. According to these results, the optimal balsa wood seed germination condition was that the seeds were soaked at 55℃ for 50 min, and the low temperature above 4℃ had no obvious damage to Ochroma lagopus; and the optimum pH value for planting Ochroma lagopus was 6.0.
2023, 44(4): 97-103.
doi: 10.12172/202305220001
Abstract:
In order to explore the effect of altitude and canopy-shade on the size of Fargesia denudata, the plant size (basel diameter and plant height) and shape index had been surveyed within Laohegou Nature Reserve, Pingwu County, northwestern Sichuan. The results showed: the basel diameter, plant height and shape index of Fargesia denudata within Laohegou Nature Reserve were 8.65 ± 1.67 mm, 243.2 ± 62.8 cm and 282.4 ± 53.6, respectively. And the Plant size and shape had certain plasticity, and been significantly affected by altitude and canopy-shade. The F. denudata from higher altitude had higher basel diameter and height. Canopy shading was conducive to F. denudata to grow higher and slenderer while F. denudata grew shorter and smaller.The present study highlighted that the Fargesia denudata could adapt to higher altitude and grew larger, the plant within the canopy-shade were slender than that from the sunny, which would help to manage the bamboo grove for giant panda.
In order to explore the effect of altitude and canopy-shade on the size of Fargesia denudata, the plant size (basel diameter and plant height) and shape index had been surveyed within Laohegou Nature Reserve, Pingwu County, northwestern Sichuan. The results showed: the basel diameter, plant height and shape index of Fargesia denudata within Laohegou Nature Reserve were 8.65 ± 1.67 mm, 243.2 ± 62.8 cm and 282.4 ± 53.6, respectively. And the Plant size and shape had certain plasticity, and been significantly affected by altitude and canopy-shade. The F. denudata from higher altitude had higher basel diameter and height. Canopy shading was conducive to F. denudata to grow higher and slenderer while F. denudata grew shorter and smaller.The present study highlighted that the Fargesia denudata could adapt to higher altitude and grew larger, the plant within the canopy-shade were slender than that from the sunny, which would help to manage the bamboo grove for giant panda.
2023, 44(4): 104-113.
doi: 10.12172/202301100001
Abstract:
Walking has been proved to have a positive impact on public health. As an important place for residents to carry out walking activities, urban park road environment characteristics have direct or indirect impacts on walking, behavior, psychological perception and population health. The road environment of Chengdu Huanhuaxi Park and Dayuan Central Park was taken as the research object, and three types of characteristic elements of nature, perception and facilities were extracted. Based on the theory of health restorative effect, the data were obtained by relying on the field environmental questionnaire survey. Finally, through regression analysis, seven restorative key feature elements of main roads were screened out (natural feature elements: richness of plant color, number of flowering plants; facility feature elements: number of recreational facilities, hardness of pavement; perceptual feature elements: sense of nature, spatial suitability (D/H) ratio), and road alignment), and there were 5 key characteristic elements of the secondary road restoration of the urban park (natural characteristic elements: lawn covering form, richness of plant species; facility characteristic elements: diversified aesthetics of pavement; perceptual characteristic elements: spatial suitability (D/H) ratio, and tranquility and ease), and there were 8 key characteristic elements of path recovery in urban parks (natural characteristic elements: flowering plants, waterscape, terrain richness; facility characteristic elements: pavement flatness; perception characteristic elements: road alignment, shade degree, spatial interface density). Through the analysis of demographic characteristic data, it was concluded that: (1) Age has an impact on the restorative effect and the score of characteristic elements. (2) The residence time has an impact on the restorative effect and the evaluation of perceptual characteristics. (3) In the most expected decompression activities, people who choose relaxation, thinking and leisure sports will have differences in the scores of natural characteristics.
Walking has been proved to have a positive impact on public health. As an important place for residents to carry out walking activities, urban park road environment characteristics have direct or indirect impacts on walking, behavior, psychological perception and population health. The road environment of Chengdu Huanhuaxi Park and Dayuan Central Park was taken as the research object, and three types of characteristic elements of nature, perception and facilities were extracted. Based on the theory of health restorative effect, the data were obtained by relying on the field environmental questionnaire survey. Finally, through regression analysis, seven restorative key feature elements of main roads were screened out (natural feature elements: richness of plant color, number of flowering plants; facility feature elements: number of recreational facilities, hardness of pavement; perceptual feature elements: sense of nature, spatial suitability (D/H) ratio), and road alignment), and there were 5 key characteristic elements of the secondary road restoration of the urban park (natural characteristic elements: lawn covering form, richness of plant species; facility characteristic elements: diversified aesthetics of pavement; perceptual characteristic elements: spatial suitability (D/H) ratio, and tranquility and ease), and there were 8 key characteristic elements of path recovery in urban parks (natural characteristic elements: flowering plants, waterscape, terrain richness; facility characteristic elements: pavement flatness; perception characteristic elements: road alignment, shade degree, spatial interface density). Through the analysis of demographic characteristic data, it was concluded that: (1) Age has an impact on the restorative effect and the score of characteristic elements. (2) The residence time has an impact on the restorative effect and the evaluation of perceptual characteristics. (3) In the most expected decompression activities, people who choose relaxation, thinking and leisure sports will have differences in the scores of natural characteristics.
2023, 44(4): 114-118.
doi: 10.12172/202209230001
Abstract:
In order to effectively prevent the spread of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease, the toxicity of different concentrations of Beauveria Bassiana spore suspension to the 4th instar larvae of Monochamus alternatus was compared to select the optimal concentration. On this basis, Beauveria bassiana protease, chitinase and lipase were used as synergistic agents to test their synergistic effect on B. bassiana virulence, and the best synergistic enzyme was screened out by comparing the mortality rate of M. alternatus larvae. The results showed that 1×108cfu/ml spore suspension had the highest toxicity to the 4th instar larvae of B. bassiana, and protease solution was the best synergistic agent for B. bassiana toxicity. In this study, it was proved that adding enzyme synergist to B. bassiana preparation could improve the insecticidal effect and provide a theoretical basis for the control of borers.
In order to effectively prevent the spread of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease, the toxicity of different concentrations of Beauveria Bassiana spore suspension to the 4th instar larvae of Monochamus alternatus was compared to select the optimal concentration. On this basis, Beauveria bassiana protease, chitinase and lipase were used as synergistic agents to test their synergistic effect on B. bassiana virulence, and the best synergistic enzyme was screened out by comparing the mortality rate of M. alternatus larvae. The results showed that 1×108cfu/ml spore suspension had the highest toxicity to the 4th instar larvae of B. bassiana, and protease solution was the best synergistic agent for B. bassiana toxicity. In this study, it was proved that adding enzyme synergist to B. bassiana preparation could improve the insecticidal effect and provide a theoretical basis for the control of borers.
2023, 44(4): 119-124.
doi: 10.12172/202302130001
Abstract:
The Common garden experiment of Ginkgo biloba from different provenances was carried out to reveal the influence of environment on different provenances of Ginkgo biloba, so as to provide basis for breeding the provenances and varieties of Ginkgo biloba with high medicinal value. In this study, four ginkgo seeds from different provenances in Sichuan were collected, and after being cultivated in common garden, the seedling growth and the content of medicinal components in leaves were measured and analyzed, and the correlation analysis of the results was carried out. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the transverse diameter, vertical diameter and 100-seed weight from different provenance (P<0.01), and Kaijiang were the largest. (2) There were significant differences in seedling height, leaf number per plant, individual leaf weight and leaf weight per plant from different provenances (P<0.01), and significant differences in crown width (P=0.02). Among them, seedling height, leaf number per plant, leaf weight per plant and crown width are the largest, and single leaf weight is the largest. (3) There were significant differences (P<0.01) in the contents of terpene lactones and ginkgolides in leaves from various sources, and significant differences in the contents of flavonoids, Ginkgolides A and Ginkgolides B (P=0.02, P=0.03, P=0.01). Among them, the content of flavonoids is the highest in Cangxi, and the contents of terpenoids, ginkgolides, Ginkgolides A and Ginkgolides B are the highest in Luding. (4) Seedling height was positively correlated with the individual leaf weight (r=0.912). Terpene lactones were positively correlated with the content of bilobalide and Ginkgolide B (r=0.928, 0.962). The results showed that Ginkgo biloba from different provenances had significant differences in the growth of offspring seedlings and the content of medicinal components after cultivation in common garden, which was due to the long-term influence of parents of the environment of the provenance.
The Common garden experiment of Ginkgo biloba from different provenances was carried out to reveal the influence of environment on different provenances of Ginkgo biloba, so as to provide basis for breeding the provenances and varieties of Ginkgo biloba with high medicinal value. In this study, four ginkgo seeds from different provenances in Sichuan were collected, and after being cultivated in common garden, the seedling growth and the content of medicinal components in leaves were measured and analyzed, and the correlation analysis of the results was carried out. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the transverse diameter, vertical diameter and 100-seed weight from different provenance (P<0.01), and Kaijiang were the largest. (2) There were significant differences in seedling height, leaf number per plant, individual leaf weight and leaf weight per plant from different provenances (P<0.01), and significant differences in crown width (P=0.02). Among them, seedling height, leaf number per plant, leaf weight per plant and crown width are the largest, and single leaf weight is the largest. (3) There were significant differences (P<0.01) in the contents of terpene lactones and ginkgolides in leaves from various sources, and significant differences in the contents of flavonoids, Ginkgolides A and Ginkgolides B (P=0.02, P=0.03, P=0.01). Among them, the content of flavonoids is the highest in Cangxi, and the contents of terpenoids, ginkgolides, Ginkgolides A and Ginkgolides B are the highest in Luding. (4) Seedling height was positively correlated with the individual leaf weight (r=0.912). Terpene lactones were positively correlated with the content of bilobalide and Ginkgolide B (r=0.928, 0.962). The results showed that Ginkgo biloba from different provenances had significant differences in the growth of offspring seedlings and the content of medicinal components after cultivation in common garden, which was due to the long-term influence of parents of the environment of the provenance.
2023, 44(4): 125-131.
doi: 10.12172/202209260001
Abstract:
Community is the most closely connected area with human daily life. Horticultural therapy is a means of directly or indirectly using plants to relieve psychological stress, reduce anxiety, and improve self-cognitive ability of sub-healthy people. In order to meet the psychological demand for therapeutic gardens among stressed people in urban residents, the application model of horticultural therapy in community gardens was explored. The sensory preferences and preferred horticultural activities of people of different age groups were investigated through questionnaires. Based on the results of the survey, appropriate plants and horticultural activities were selected to establish a “sensory stimulation-mental recovery-stress relief” model in community gardens with “therapeutic landscape” and “horticultural activities” as the basic framework and “sensory stimulation” and “guided participation” as the basic methods, so as to relieve people’s mental stress and provide reference for the construction of a healthy China.
Community is the most closely connected area with human daily life. Horticultural therapy is a means of directly or indirectly using plants to relieve psychological stress, reduce anxiety, and improve self-cognitive ability of sub-healthy people. In order to meet the psychological demand for therapeutic gardens among stressed people in urban residents, the application model of horticultural therapy in community gardens was explored. The sensory preferences and preferred horticultural activities of people of different age groups were investigated through questionnaires. Based on the results of the survey, appropriate plants and horticultural activities were selected to establish a “sensory stimulation-mental recovery-stress relief” model in community gardens with “therapeutic landscape” and “horticultural activities” as the basic framework and “sensory stimulation” and “guided participation” as the basic methods, so as to relieve people’s mental stress and provide reference for the construction of a healthy China.
2023, 44(4): 132-136.
doi: 10.12172/202209110001
Abstract:
Puberty is an important stage in the process of animal growth and development, and its mechanism is very complicated. In this paper, a case of early estrus of a subadult giant panda was reported, and the potential reasons affecting the early estrus of female giant pandas were discussed from the aspects of genetic and endocrine, nutrition, individual development and climate environment. Meanwhile, In the breeding and management of giant pandas, scientific and reasonable manage measures should be formulated to maintain the appropriate growth rate and reduce or avoid premature estrus.
Puberty is an important stage in the process of animal growth and development, and its mechanism is very complicated. In this paper, a case of early estrus of a subadult giant panda was reported, and the potential reasons affecting the early estrus of female giant pandas were discussed from the aspects of genetic and endocrine, nutrition, individual development and climate environment. Meanwhile, In the breeding and management of giant pandas, scientific and reasonable manage measures should be formulated to maintain the appropriate growth rate and reduce or avoid premature estrus.
2023, 44(4): 137-142.
doi: 10.12172/202209200002
Abstract:
Grooming behavior is the main way for non-human primates to maintain social relations. The income of grooming can reflect the role and social ranks of individuals in the group. In order to understand the impact of individual social roles and grades on grooming income of Rhinopithecus bieti within in one male multi-female units (OMU), during July-August 2018 and February-August 2019, the data of grooming behavior and aggressive-yielding behavior of R. bieti group in Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve were collected, and the grooming income and influencing factors of males and females were analyzed. The results showed that 32.3% of adult individuals in the breeding unit of R. bieti were rewarded with grooming rounds, and the average grooming time was 302 ± 255 s (n = 96). There was no difference in grooming income of dominant males among the breeding units with the same number of females (Z = 4.59, P = 0.20). In the male female bout pairs, the grooming income of male was higher than those of female (T = −6.138, df = 58, P < 0.01), but there was no difference in grooming income between difference grades female as they groomed male (Z = −1.54, P = 0.12). The grooming income of high grade female was higher than low grade female grooming income (T = −3.467, df = 36, P < 0.01) within OMU. Therefore, the grooming income of dominant males in OMU of R. bieti was higher than that of females in the multi-level society, and there was no difference in grooming income in OMU of the male grooming income with the same number of adult females. The grooming income of high grade females was higher than that of low grade females, which indicated that the grooming income of R. bieti was influenced by social roles (dominant male) and grades within OMU.
Grooming behavior is the main way for non-human primates to maintain social relations. The income of grooming can reflect the role and social ranks of individuals in the group. In order to understand the impact of individual social roles and grades on grooming income of Rhinopithecus bieti within in one male multi-female units (OMU), during July-August 2018 and February-August 2019, the data of grooming behavior and aggressive-yielding behavior of R. bieti group in Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve were collected, and the grooming income and influencing factors of males and females were analyzed. The results showed that 32.3% of adult individuals in the breeding unit of R. bieti were rewarded with grooming rounds, and the average grooming time was 302 ± 255 s (n = 96). There was no difference in grooming income of dominant males among the breeding units with the same number of females (Z = 4.59, P = 0.20). In the male female bout pairs, the grooming income of male was higher than those of female (T = −6.138, df = 58, P < 0.01), but there was no difference in grooming income between difference grades female as they groomed male (Z = −1.54, P = 0.12). The grooming income of high grade female was higher than low grade female grooming income (T = −3.467, df = 36, P < 0.01) within OMU. Therefore, the grooming income of dominant males in OMU of R. bieti was higher than that of females in the multi-level society, and there was no difference in grooming income in OMU of the male grooming income with the same number of adult females. The grooming income of high grade females was higher than that of low grade females, which indicated that the grooming income of R. bieti was influenced by social roles (dominant male) and grades within OMU.
2023, 44(4): 143-148.
doi: 10.12172/202209210001
Abstract:
Social monitoring refers to animals cognition of the social environment for adaptation and improving their fitness. In order to understand the frequency and influencing factors of individual social monitoring behavior of all-male unit in black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) under a multi-level social organization, from July 2017 to August 2018, the data of scanning behavior and aggression-submissive behavior of 8 individuals in the all-male unit of R. bieti in Xiangguqing of Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve were collected by using 5-minute focus animal and all-occurrence recording method, and the frequency differences of monitoring behavior in different seasons and grade groups were compared. The results showed that the frequency of scanning behavior was 0.67 ± 0.19 Times /min (n = 8, 0.37-1.01). There was a difference in the frequency of scanning behavior between winter and summer (Z = 7.36, P < 0.001), and the frequency of scanning behavior in summer (0.80 ± 0.24, n = 8) was higher than that in winter (0.50 ± 0.21, n = 8), which may due to high competitive pressure of reproductive and mating in summer. The frequency of scanning behavior in different grade groups was different (H = 62.37, df = 2, P < 0.001). The low grade group (0.85 ± 0.14, n = 3) was higher than the middle grade group (0.68 ± 0.28, n = 2), and the middle grade group was higher than the high grade group (0.49 ± 0.12, n = 3), which indicated that low-grade individual spent more time on social monitoring within all-male unit of R. bieti. Therefore, our finding found that the frequency of social monitoring of R. bieti in all-male unit is affected by the reproductive season and grade group. Adult males can reduce the attack by the resident males of reproductive units through social monitoring, and the social monitoring of young and juvenile males can reduce the direct conflicts within the all-male unit.
Social monitoring refers to animals cognition of the social environment for adaptation and improving their fitness. In order to understand the frequency and influencing factors of individual social monitoring behavior of all-male unit in black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) under a multi-level social organization, from July 2017 to August 2018, the data of scanning behavior and aggression-submissive behavior of 8 individuals in the all-male unit of R. bieti in Xiangguqing of Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve were collected by using 5-minute focus animal and all-occurrence recording method, and the frequency differences of monitoring behavior in different seasons and grade groups were compared. The results showed that the frequency of scanning behavior was 0.67 ± 0.19 Times /min (n = 8, 0.37-1.01). There was a difference in the frequency of scanning behavior between winter and summer (Z = 7.36, P < 0.001), and the frequency of scanning behavior in summer (0.80 ± 0.24, n = 8) was higher than that in winter (0.50 ± 0.21, n = 8), which may due to high competitive pressure of reproductive and mating in summer. The frequency of scanning behavior in different grade groups was different (H = 62.37, df = 2, P < 0.001). The low grade group (0.85 ± 0.14, n = 3) was higher than the middle grade group (0.68 ± 0.28, n = 2), and the middle grade group was higher than the high grade group (0.49 ± 0.12, n = 3), which indicated that low-grade individual spent more time on social monitoring within all-male unit of R. bieti. Therefore, our finding found that the frequency of social monitoring of R. bieti in all-male unit is affected by the reproductive season and grade group. Adult males can reduce the attack by the resident males of reproductive units through social monitoring, and the social monitoring of young and juvenile males can reduce the direct conflicts within the all-male unit.
