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动物的活动节律是行为生态学研究中的重要内容,其中日活动节律是动物应对昼夜更替(包括温度、湿度、光照强度等)长期适应而逐渐形成的在一天中不同时间段下的活动强度和变化规律[1]。科学开展野生动物活动节律的研究可为物种的精细化保护管理提供重要的科学数据。
四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)属偶蹄目(Artiodactyla)牛科(Bovidae),是一种大型山地有蹄类动物,历史上该物种被认为是羚牛(B. taxicolor)的四川亚种(B. t. tibetana),后被基于分子系统发生、形态和地理分布的分类学研究提升为独立种。在羚牛属(Budorcas)现有的4个物种中,四川羚牛的野外种群数量和分布范围面积均为最大,现主要分布青藏高原东源的山地,包括甘肃南部和四川北部至中部。该物种为我国特有种且属我国一级重点保护野生动物,具有重要的科研与保护价值[2]。由于野外地形的复杂性、野外茂密植被的遮挡性、野生动物的警惕性以及部分个体的攻击性等[3],在野外开展四川羚牛直接观察的研究具有一定挑战。红外相机技术作为一种新型的野生动物监测技术,能够有效克服以上客观局限,进而科学直观、准确地收集调查数据。自上世纪90年代应用以来,经过近三十年的发展,目前该技术已广泛应用到野生动物生态学与保护学研究中[4-8]。近年来,利用该技术来探究野生动物活动节律的研究已有不少报道,相关应用也证实了该技术可以作为分析野生动物活动节律的有效技术途径[6,9-12]。目前,已有的关于四川羚牛野生种群的活动节律和活动模式的研究均来自红外相机技术[9-12],但已有的研究存在监测时间较短、获取样本量不足等局限,未能对四川羚牛全年四季的活动节律做出准确的分析评估。
四川唐家河国家级自然保护区内拥有较高的四川羚牛种群数量,随着保护力度的增强,四川羚牛在该保护区内已十分常见[13-14]。因此,选择唐家河保护区开展四川羚牛的活动节律研究具有一定代表性。基于此,利用红外相机对区内四川羚牛的主要活动分布区开展了为期一年的持续监测,获得较为充足的研究数据,以期更加深入地分析四川羚牛的日活动节律及一年四季的变化情况,为该物种更加针对性和科学性的保护管理提供重要的数据支撑。
Activity Rhythm and Seasonal Changes of Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetanus) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province
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摘要: 2017年7月—2018年6月,利用红外相机对唐家河国家级自然保护区内野生四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)开展持续监测并分析其活动节律。研究累计16840个有效相机工作日,共在62个相机位点拍摄到四川羚牛活动,共获得独立有效记录1455次(春季267次、夏季158次、秋季823次、冬季207次)。采用核密度估计方法(Kernel density estimation)和重叠指数(Coefficient of overlap)来分析数据,结果显示:四川羚牛在不同季节的日活动节律均有2个活动高峰(春季: 06:50—09:10, 14:50—19:50; 夏季: 06:50—08:00, 14:50—20:10; 秋季: 07:10—10:00, 15:30—19:00; 冬季: 08:50—09:40,14:40—19:50),均主要在晨昏活动。四川羚牛在早上的活动高峰期秋季(2.83 h)>春季(2.33 h)>夏季(1.67 h)>冬季(0.83 h),而傍晚的活动高峰期夏季(5.33 h)>冬季(5.17 h)>春季(5 h)>秋季(3.5 h)。四川羚牛的活动节律存在季节性变化,其中春季和秋季、春季和夏季、夏季和秋季之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),而其余季节间无显著差异,重叠指数上春季和夏季最高(Δ=0.922),而秋季和冬季最低(Δ=0.829)。四川羚牛活动具有昼行性,主要在白天活动,夜间仅有少量的活动痕迹。Abstract: From July 2017 to June 2018, the infrared camera was uesd to continuously monitor the wild Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetanus) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve and analyze its activity rhythm. During the study period, a total of 16,840 effective camera working days and 62 camera sites of the distribution of Sichuan Takin were recorded and a total of 1455 independent and effective records were obtained (267 in spring, 158 in summer, 823 in autumn and 207 in winter). The kernel density estimation and coefficient of overlap were used to analyze the daily activity rhythm of Sichuan Takin. The results showed that: (1) There were two activity peaks in the daily activity rhythm of Sichuan Takin in different seasons (spring: 06:50—09:10, 14:50—19:50; summer: 06:50—08:00, 14:50—20:10; autumn: 07:10—10:00, 15:30—19:00; winter: 08:50—09:40,14:40—19:50), and all distributed in the morning and evening. (2) The peak activity of Sichuan Takin in the morning was autumn (2.83 h) > spring (2.33 h) > summer (1.67 h) > winter (0.83 h), while the peak activity in the evening was summer (5.33 h) > winter (5.17 h) > spring (5 h) > autumn (3.5 h). (3) There were seasonal changes in the activity rhythm of Sichuan Takin, among which there were significant differences between spring and autumn, spring and summer, and summer and autumn (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences among other seasons. The overlap index was highest in spring and summer (Δ=0.922), and lowest in autumn and winter (Δ=0.829). The activity of Sichuan Takin was diurnal, mainly in the daytime with only a few activity traces at night.
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