-
森林生态系统对于全球生态系统的稳定发挥着巨大的作用。喜阴耐湿的苔藓层和森林枯落物一起覆盖在林地表面,形成地被层,也称森林土壤的保护层,它是森林生态系统密不可分的一部分。森林地被层通过吸持水分、增加土壤入渗、截留降水、阻延地表径流、提供土壤养分、改良土壤结构等维持森林生态系统的结构稳定和促进森林生态系统的功能发挥,因此,森林地被层便成为生态学家、水文学家、植物学家、土壤学家的重点关注领域[1-2]。许多研究表明[3-4],森林地被物具有拦沙蓄水的功效,能够稳定土壤结构、减小洪灾。在山区,森林地被层的水源涵养、水土保持功能是防洪减灾功能发挥的前提,林下地被层水文的研究显得更为重要、更为迫切[5-6]。
森林地被层是连接大气、土壤、植被的界面,其水文过程是植被的生长、恢复及保持生态系统稳定的关键过程,有利于维持山地生态系统的安全。根据国内外现有森林地被层水文研究成果,阐述森林地被层水文过程,分析生物因素、环境因素、气候因素在森林地被层中作用机制,概括其蓄水保土、净化水质功能,总结当前研究中亟需解决的问题,提出该领域未来研究重点,为森林地被层水文研究提供参考。
Research Review on Hydrological process, Mechanism and Function of Understory Ground Cover
More Information-
摘要: 森林水文过程的第二个作用层是林下地被物,它在森林水文循环过程中以及流域防洪减灾方面都发挥着极显著的作用。本研究在查找、阅读、总结、归纳前人研究成果的基础上,阐述森林地被层水文过程,分析生物因素、环境因素、气候因素在森林地被层中作用机制,概括其蓄水保土、净化水质功能。林下地被物的储量与其持水量是成正比,地被物的持水能力随着植被的恢复而增强。短期性的地被物持水能力结果并不能完全反映地被层的持水特征,并且森林地被层的水文过程机制还不清楚,因此今后需要从以下几个方面加强研究:(1)在长期监测的基础上,运用遥感、同位素等现代科学技术实现大尺度无破坏动态监测。(2)在此基础上,考虑将降雨量、降雨强度、降雨持续时间、风速、温度、湿度等多因子一起纳入影响因素的行列中,分析其对地被层的截留阻延功能的影响。(3)在研究地被层水文效益时,要将土壤层持水能力、孔隙结构和酶活性以及微生物种类、数量、活性等纳入研究体系中,系统性研究地被物与土壤理化性质间的关系。(4)加强对不同层次水质分析,明确地被层对元素的吸持特性,从而科学评估森林生态系统的健康状态。Abstract: The understory ground cover is treated as the second layer of forest hydrological process, which plays a very significant role in forest hydrological cycle and flood control and disaster reduction of river basins. On the basis of searching, reading, summarizing and summarizing the previous research results, this study clarified the hydrological process of forest floor, analyzed the action mechanism of biological factors, environmental factors and climate factors in the forest ground cover, and summarized its functions of water storage, soil conservation and water purification. The reserve of understory ground cover was directly proportional to its water holding capacity, and the water holding capacity of understory ground cover increased with the restoration of vegetation. The results of short-term water-holding capacity of ground cover results could not fully reflect the water-holding capacity characteristics of ground cover, and forest cover layer of hydrological process mechanism was still unclear. Therefore, it was necessary to strengthen the research from the following aspects in the future: (1) On the basis of long-term monitoring, modern science and technology such as remote sensing, isotope were used to realize large-scale nondestructive dynamic monitoring. (2) On this basis, multiple factors such as rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, wind speed, temperature and humidity were considered to be included into the list of influencing factors to analyze their influence on the interception and delay function of the ground cover. (3) When studying the hydrological benefits of ground cover, water holding capacity, pore structure and enzyme activity of soil layer, as well as the species, quantity and activity of microorganisms should be included in the research system to systematically study the relationship between ground cover and soil physical and chemical properties. (4) Strengthen the analysis of water quality at different levels, and clarify the element absorption characteristics of the ground cover, so as to scientifically evaluate the health status of forest ecosystem
-
[1] Veronika Jílková, Tomáš Cajthaml, Jan Frouz. Relative importance of honeydew and resin for the microbial activity in wood ant nest and forest floor substrate – a laboratory study[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 117: 1−4. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.11.002 [2] 时忠杰,王彦辉,徐丽宏,等. 六盘山主要森林类型枯落物的水文功能[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2009,31(1):91−99. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1522.2009.01.016 [3] 吴钦孝,赵鸿雁,刘向东,等. 森林枯枝落叶层涵养水源保持水土的作用评价[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998(2):24−29. [4] 莫菲,李叙勇,贺淑霞,等. 东灵山林区不同森林植被水源涵养功能评价[J]. 生态学报,2011,31(17):5009−5016. [5] 胡静霞,杨新兵,朱辰光,等. 冀西北地区4种纯林枯落物及土壤水文效应[J]. 水土保持研究,2017,24(4):304−310. [6] 沈振乾,秦天玲,聂汉江,等. 森林枯落物对流域水文过程调节机理研究进展[J]. 世界林业研究,2019,32(1):36−41. [7] Frank Berendse. Implications of increased litter production for plant biodiversity[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1999, 14(1): 4−5. [8] Ramachandra T V, Vinay S, Bharath S, et al. Eco-Hydrological Footprint of a River Basin in Western Ghats.[J]. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 2018, 91(4): 431−444. [9] Ali Pakari, Saud Ghani. Performance evaluation of a near-surface earth-to-air heat exchanger with short-grass ground cover: an experimental study[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019: 201. [10] 韩春,陈宁,孙杉,等. 森林生态系统水文调节功能及机制研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,2019,38(7):2191−2199. [11] Jin Kwan Kim, Yuichi Onda, Min Seok Kim, et al. Plot-scale study of surface runoff on well-covered forest floors under different canopy species[J]. Quaternary International, 2014, 344: 75−85. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.036 [12] 余新晓,赵玉涛,程根伟. 贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉林地被物分布及其水文效应初步研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2002(Z1):14−18. [13] 陈礼清,孙泽平,李德文,等. 川西亚高山植被恢复过程中的土壤和地被物水源涵养能力评价[J]. 长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(7):1048−1052. [14] 赵艳云,胡相明,程积民,等. 六盘山林下地被物分布特征[J]. 水土保持通报,2008(4):60−65. [15] 赵艳云,程积民,万惠娥,等. 六盘山不同森林群落地被物的持水特性[J]. 林业科学,2009,45(4):145−150. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2009.04.024 [16] Qiuwen Zhou, David M. Keith, Xu Zhou, et al. Comparing the Water-holding Characteristics of Broadleaved, Coniferous, and Mixed Forest Litter Layers in a Karst Region[J]. Mountain Research and Development, 2018, 38(3): 220−229. doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-17-00002.1 [17] 邹奕巧,孙欧文,刘海英,等. 浙江省天台县不同森林类型枯落物及土壤水文特性[J]. 水土保持通报,2020,40(3):170−174. [18] 赵丽,王建国,车明中,等. 内蒙古扎兰屯市典型森林枯落物、土壤水源涵养功能研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(5):91−96. [19] 胡晓聪,黄乾亮,金亮. 西双版纳热带山地雨林枯落物及其土壤水文功能[J]. 应用生态学报,2017,28(01):55−63. [20] 刘士余,左长清,朱金兆. 地被物对土壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响研究[J]. 自然资源学报,2007(3):424−433. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2007.03.012 [21] 刘一霖,温娅檬,李巧玉,等. 川西高山峡谷区6种森林枯落物的持水与失水特性[J]. 水土保持学报,2019,33(5):151−156+162. [22] 谢字希,胡海清,杨曦光,等. 基于实测光谱的大兴安岭地区典型森林枯落物含水率估测模型[J]. 生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3321−3328. [23] 颜小飞,郑晓亮,赵雅婕,等. 基于驻波率原理的森林枯落物和土壤含水率测量方法[J]. 农业机械学报,2017,48(12):278−283+236. doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.12.033 [24] Tayoko Kubota, Yoshio Tsuboyama. Estimation of evaporation rate from the forest floor using oxygen-18 and deuterium compositions of throughfall and stream water during a non-storm runoff period[J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2004, 9(1): 51−59. doi: 10.1007/s10310-003-0054-y [25] Bing Zhang, Xianfang Song, Yinghua Zhang, et al. A study of the interrelation between surface water and groundwater using isotopes and chlorofluorocarbons in Sanjiang plain, Northeast China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 72(10): 3901−3913. doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3279-5 [26] 黄承标,吴仁宏,黎家春,等. 三匹虎自然保护区森林枯枝落叶层及土壤层涵养水源功能分析[J]. 中国水土保持,2009(7):16−18+64. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0941.2009.07.007 [27] 马志良,赵文强,刘美,等. 岷江源头区乔灌交错带地被物和土壤持水能力[J]. 水土保持学报,2018,32(5):146−150. [28] 温林生,邓文平,彭云,等. 江西退化红壤区3种森林恢复模式的枯落物和土壤表层水文功能研究[J]. 水土保持学报,2020,34(4):158−163. [29] 陈甲瑞,王小兰. 色季拉山东坡不同海拔两种针叶林下苔藓层持水特性[J]. 森林与环境学报,2019,39(6):593−600. [30] 程金花,张洪江,史玉虎. 林下地被物保水保土作用研究进展[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2003(2):96−101. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2003.02.020 [31] David Dunkerley. Percolation through leaf litter: What happens during rainfall events of varying intensity?[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 525: 737−746. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.039 [32] Kell B Wilson, Paul J Hanson, Patrick J Mulholland, et al. A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2001, 106(2): 153−168. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00199-4 [33] 韩永伟,高馨婷,高吉喜,等. 重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建[J]. 生态环境学报,2010,19(12):2986−2992. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.12.038 [34] Leah L. Bremer, Christopher A. Wada, Sarah Medoff, et al. Contributions of native forest protection to local water supplies in East Maui[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 688: 1422−1432. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.220 [35] 吴钦孝,赵鸿雁,韩冰. 黄土高原森林枯枝落叶层保持水土的有效性[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001(5):95−98. [36] 王月玲,许浩,马璠,等. 宁南黄土区典型林地土壤抗冲性及相关物理性质[J]. 水土保持研究,2021,28(1):37−43. [37] 吕刚,吕金昊,翟景轩,等. 辽西北水蚀风蚀交错区不同土地利用类型土壤抗冲性特征[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报,2021,52(2):212−217. [38] 张鹏,姚甜甜,喻武,等. 青藏铁路沿线典型土壤类型的抗蚀性[J]. 北方园艺,2020(12):111−117. [39] 张华渝,王克勤,宋娅丽. 滇中尖山河流域不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性[J]. 水土保持学报,2019,33(5):50−57. [40] 马志良,赵文强. 植物群落向土壤有机碳输入及其对气候变暖的响应研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,2020,39(1):270−281. [41] 李沛霖. 杉木林土壤理化性质与水源涵养功能及相关性研究[D]. 中南林业科技大学, 2014. [42] 陆耀东,薛立,曹鹤,等. 去除地面枯落物对加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)林土壤特性的影响[J]. 生态学报,2008(7):3205−3211. [43] 马国飞,满苏尔·沙比提. 托木尔峰自然保护区台兰河上游森林植被水源涵养功能[J]. 水土保持学报,2017,31(3):147−153. [44] 周允安,黄承标,曾戍秀,等. 不同人工林类型枯枝落叶层及土壤层水源涵养功能分析[J]. 广东农业科学,2013,40(14):85−87+91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-874X.2013.14.027 [45] 陈奇伯,解明曙,张洪江. 森林枯落物影响地表径流和土壤侵蚀研究动态[J]. 北京林业大学学报,1994,16(S3):106−110. [46] Maurício Bergamini Scheer. Mineral nutrient fluxes in rainfall and throughfall in a lowland Atlantic rainforest in southern Brazil[J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2011, 16(1): 76−81. doi: 10.1007/s10310-010-0222-9 [47] Daniel G. Neary, George G. Ice, C. Rhett Jackson. Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2009, 258(10): 2269−2281. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.027 [48] Ander González-Arias, Ibone Amezaga, Arsenio Echeandía, et al. Buffering capacity through cation leaching of Pinus radiata D. Don canopy[J]. Plant Ecology, 2000, 149(1): 23−42. doi: 10.1023/A:1009847202648 [49] 康希睿,张涵丹,王小明,等. 北亚热带3种典型森林群落水文过程中盐基离子年内动态变化特征[J]. 林业科学研究,2020,33(5):28−37. [50] 高郯, 张铎, 卢杰, 等. 色季拉山高山松林降雨再分配及重金属元素的时空特征研究[J/OL]. 西南林业大学学报(自然科学): 1−9[2021-07-02]. http: //kns. cnki. net/kcms/detail/53. 1218. S. 20201113. 0941. 004. html. [51] 高迪,郭建斌,王彦辉,等. 宁夏六盘山不同林龄华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应[J]. 林业科学研究,2019,32(04):26−32. [52] Hiroshi Ishikawa, Takashi Osono, Hiroshi Takeda. Effects of clear-cutting on decomposition processes in leaf litter and the nitrogen and lignin dynamics in a temperate secondary forest[J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2007, 12(4): 247−254. doi: 10.1007/s10310-007-0013-0 [53] Megan W. Lang, Eric S. Kasischke, Stephen D. Prince, et al. Assessment of C-band synthetic aperture radar data for mapping and monitoring Coastal Plain forested wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Region, U. S. A.[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, 112(11): 4120−4130. [54] Christopher G. Brantley, John W. Day, Robert R. Lane, et al. Primary production, nutrient dynamics, and accretion of a coastal freshwater forested wetland assimilation system in Louisiana[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2008, 34(1): 7−22. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.004 [55] D. Kaplan, R. Muñoz-Carpena. Complementary effects of surface water and groundwater on soil moisture dynamics in a degraded coastal floodplain forest[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 398(3): 221−234. [56] Zhongfang Liu, Gabriel J. Bowen, Jeffrey M. Welker, et al. Winter precipitation isotope slopes of the contiguous USA and their relationship to the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern[J]. Climate Dynamics, 2013, 41(2): 403−420. doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1548-0 [57] Ricardo J. Colón-Rivera, Rusty A. Feagin, Jason B. West, et al. Hydrological modification, saltwater intrusion, and tree water use of a Pterocarpus officinalis swamp in Puerto Rico[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2014, 147: 156−167. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.06.012 [58] Josie Geris, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby. Resistance and resilience to droughts: hydropedological controls on catchment storage and run‐off response[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2015, 29(21): 4579−4593. doi: 10.1002/hyp.10480
计量
- 文章访问数: 398
- HTML全文浏览量: 177
- PDF下载量: 17
- 被引次数: 0