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轻木(Ochroma lagopus Swartz)是木棉科常绿乔木,又称为巴沙木,原产于南美洲热带地区,具有生长速度快,密度低,生产周期短等特点[1,2]。现代大型风力发电机桨翼设计普遍采用轻木为基材的复合夹芯板,且无替代产品。我国轻木原料完全依赖进口,随着轻木需求量持续攀升和中外贸易的不确定性,轻木原料供应已经成为我国风能发电装备制造业的“卡脖子”问题。
轻木林不能承受5级以上的风力[3],西双版纳具有得天独厚的气候条件,积温高,冬季无极端低温,又无台风,适合轻木的生长,是国内唯一适合轻木规模化种植的地区[4]。国内风电企业已在西双版纳建立了大规模的轻木种植基地,希望实现轻木原材料国产化。轻木生长速度快,土壤肥力消耗巨大,可持续性差,对土壤水分需求量大。轻木可持续栽培模式探索是实现轻木原料国产化的关键环节。大豆(Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.)是重要的粮食、油料、饲料和能源兼用作物,在西双版纳地区广泛种植。林下套种大豆能够有效提高土壤有机质和土壤氮、磷、钾等速效养分含量[5,6,7]。地膜覆盖不仅可以有效抑制杂草生长、加速养分运转为作物生长提供养分供给[8,9],还可以通过减少蒸发和促进蒸腾作用提高水分利用效率[10,11]、增加土壤贮水量[12,13]。目前国内外关于轻木可持续栽培模式的研究尚未见报道,希望我们的研究为轻木原料国产化提供重要理论依据和实践指导。
Comparison of Ochroma lagopus Swartz Growth and Soil Ecological Effects under Different Cultivation Modes
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摘要: 现代大型风力发电机桨翼设计普遍采用以轻木为基材的复合夹芯板,且无替代产品。我国轻木原料完全依赖进口,随着轻木需求量持续攀升和中外贸易的不确定性,轻木原料供应已经成为我国风能发电装备制造业的“卡脖子”问题。本研究旨在探寻西双版纳地区轻木可持续栽培模式。结果表明,在西双版纳地区轻木生长到2年8个月胸径可达23 cm,能够满足厂家的收购要求(胸径>20 cm)。2年8个月轻木经过1年生长之后,胸径可达26 cm,材积增加30%以上。因此为了获取更高的收益,轻木在可以种植4~5年后进行收获。轻木持续种植土壤速效磷呈下降趋势,加剧土壤水分消耗。轻木林下覆膜栽培大豆可以显著提高土壤速效磷和硝态氮含量,提高土壤贮水量,促进轻木可持续生长。Abstract: The manufacture of modern large-scale wind turbine blades generally uses composite sandwich panels with balsa wood as the base materials, and with no alternative materials. The balsa wood in China is completely dependent on imports, and with the increasing demand of balsa wood and the uncertainty of Sino-foreign trade, the supply of balsa wood raw materials has become a “stuck neck” problem for wind power equipment manufacturing industry in China. In this study, the composite cultivation experiment was carried out with the balsa wood plantations constructed in May 2017, and the following cultivation models were constructed by using the cultivation techniques of ridge, furrow and film mulching with important cash crops in Xishuangbanna: balsa wood plantation (Q), balsa-soybean plantation (QD), balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation (QDF). Balsa wood plantation (CK), balsa-soybean/coriander plantation (QDX), balsa-soybean/coriander with plastic film plantation (QDXF). Through the measurement of soil nutrients, soil moisture content, balsa wood DBH growth and volume volume, the sustainable cultivation mode of balsa wood in Xishuangbanna was explored to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the localization of balsa wood raw materials. The results showed that the diameter at breast height (DBH) of balsa wood could reach 23 cm after growing for 2 years and 8 months, which can meet the requirements of manufacturers (DBH > 20 cm). After 3 years and 8 months, the DBH could reach 26 cm, and the increase of volume was over 30%. In order to obtain high income, balsa wood trees could be harvested after 4-5 years of planting. From April to November, the total soil water storage in QDX, QDXFQD, QDF increased 29.11 mm and 21.74 mm, respectively, however, CKQ decreased 13.19 mm. In the rainy season, CKQ increased the soil water consumption in 20-40 cm soil layers, and QHB, QDXFQDF increased soil water content in 20-40 cm soil layers. Film mulching practices in balsa plantations increased soil available P and NO3-N content. From January to August 2020, soil P in QDX, QDXFQD, QDF increased 5.54 mg kg−1 and 10.72 mg kg−1. From January to August in 2020, soil nitrate nitrogen content under QDXFQDF treatment increased by 126.32 mg kg−1. Cultivation of soybean with plastic film under light wood forest could significantly increase soil available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen content, increase soil water storage and promote the sustainable growth of light wood..
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Key words:
- Balsa wood plantation;
- Wind power;
- Xishuangbanna
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图 2 2020年1月和8月不同处理0-20 cm土层土壤全磷、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Contents of soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm soil layer under different treatments in January and August 2020
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
图 3 不同处理下2年8个月和3年8个月轻木胸径大小
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 3 Diameter at breast height of balsa trees under different treatments for 2 years and 8 months and 3 years and 8 months
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
图 4 2020年不同处理全年、雨季和旱季轻木胸径增加量
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 4 The increase of DBH of balsa trees under different treatments in the whole year, rainy season and dry season in 2020
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean ± standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
图 6 种植了2年8个月和3年8个月轻木2.7 m茎干的材积
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 6 The volume of 2.7 m stem of balsa wood planted for 2 year and 8 months and 3 year and 8 months
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
图 7 2020年1月—2021年1月、2020年4月—2020年11月不同处理土壤贮水量变化
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 7 Changes of soil water storage under different treatments from January 2020 to January 2021 and from April 2020 to November 2020
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
图 8 2020年1月—2021年1月不同处理土壤贮水量变化
注:Q: 轻木林;QD: 轻木-大豆复合林;QDF: 轻木-大豆覆膜复合林;平均值±标准差,n = 3;字母相同表示数据间没有显著性差异(P ≤ 0.05)。
Fig. 8 Changes in soil water storage under different treatments from January 2020 to January 2021
Note: Q: balsa wood plantation; QD: balsa-soybean plantation; QDF: balsa-soybean with plastic film plantation; Mean standard deviation, n = 3; The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between the data (P ≤ 0.05).
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