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空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)又名喜旱莲子草、水花生、空心苋、革命草、水蕹菜,属苋科(Amaranthaceae)莲子草属(Alternanthera)。空心莲子草对水体中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn等重金属和土壤中Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Co、Pb和Cd较高的富集系数,对中度以下的重金属污染水体、土壤的修复有着比较好的效果[1-2]。所以将空心莲子草用于修复水体富营养化的技术被广泛应用[3-4]。然而,空心莲子草繁殖快,可在节处生根,然后萌生成株,生长快,生物量大,并短时期内会形成大面积且具有一定厚度的漂浮植毡层,覆盖住水面,导致水中溶解氧降低,使水体富营养化。因此,用于修复水体后空心莲子草的后续利用问题成为近年来的研究热点,通常包括肥料化、饲料化和能源化3种资源化利用途径[5]。
在堆肥过程中,有机物在微生物作用下以CO2、NH3等形式挥发掉,总有机碳等养分元素随着堆肥进程逐渐减少。堆肥过程中养分元素损失的影响因素很多,主要受温度、pH、供氧量、含水率、C/N和堆肥外源添加剂等的共同影响[6-7]。堆肥的升温和高温阶段是氮素损失的主要时期,主要损失途径是堆体中的氮在高pH和高温的条件下以NH3的形式逸出[8-10]。pH是影响微生物生长繁殖的重要因素之一,多数堆肥微生物适合在中性或偏碱性环境中繁殖与活动[11],有研究指出,当pH在5~7时,氨气损失最少,pH≥8时,堆肥中氨气的挥发损失最大[12]。如何控制高温堆肥过程中养分元素的损失,成为近年来的研究热点[13]。有研究表明,堆肥过程中适当添加过磷酸钙等金属盐或硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸等一些酸性物质,调节堆体pH值、缩短堆肥时间、减少氨挥发[14-23]。过磷酸钙可通过调节堆肥物料pH值和含水率而减少氨气挥发[17-18]。腐殖酸能够促进有机质的分解,有效控制氮素损失[19]。硫酸亚铁能减少氨挥发,提高堆肥铵态氮及全氮含量[20, 24]。在堆肥过程中单独添加过磷酸钙、硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸均能减少氮素损失,提升堆肥品质。但比较3种保氮剂对同一种物质堆肥进程中养分元素的影响尚未见报道。本研究通过比较过磷酸钙、硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸对空心莲子草堆肥过程中有机质、全氮等养分元素含量及基础理化性质的影响,探讨出适宜空心莲子草堆肥的保氮剂,以期为空心莲子草残体堆沤有机肥的环保和高效生产提供理论依据。
Effects of Different Nitrogen Preserving Agents on Composting of Alternanthera philoxeroides
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摘要: 保氮剂是一种可以控提升堆肥质量的天然固定剂,以切碎的空心莲子草为原料,以硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸、过磷酸钙制成保氮剂,进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验对堆肥过程中堆体理化性质、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾进行监测。结果表明:堆肥高温期,保氮剂处理的堆温明显高于CK,其中以添加硫酸亚铁处理效果最明显,添加硫酸亚铁更有利于高温期的持续。堆体pH在堆肥初期添加保氮剂组下降幅度较大,随后添加保氮剂处理的pH均显著高于对照。堆肥完成后,各试验组的有机碳、全氮含量总体上呈下降趋势,各组试验有机碳含量与原始物料相比下降幅度分别为62.76%、56.66%、47.37%、44.45%、54.87%,添加保氮剂中以添加腐殖酸处理组有机碳含量下降幅度最大,反应速度最快。各组全氮含量分别降低了36.65%、27.16%、17.36%、17.55%、12.63%,添加保氮剂总氮含量显著高于只添加好氧菌和对照组,其中添加腐殖酸组总氮含量最高,各组全磷含量分别上升了58.45%、52.91%、38.40%、32.95%、34.86%,全钾含量分别是原始物料的2.00倍、1.88倍、1.29倍、1.26倍、1.15倍。表明空心莲子草堆肥过程中添加过磷酸钙、硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸可加快启动速度、缩短堆肥时间,并能减少氨挥发。综合各个指标,三种保氮剂中总体上以腐殖酸处理效果最佳。Abstract: Nitrogen preserving agent is a kind of natural fixative that can control and improve the quality of compost. A 35 day aerobic composting experiment was conducted with chopped Alternanthera philoxeroides as raw materials, ferrous sulfate, sodium humate and calcium superphosphate as nitrogen preserving agents, in order to study the effects of nitrogen preserving agent on the composting process and nitrogen loss of Alternanthera philoxeroides. The physical and chemical properties, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of the compost were monitored. The results showed that: during the high temperature period of compost, the composting temperature of nitrogen preserving agent treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and the effect of ferrous sulfate treatment was the most obvious, which was more conducive to persistence of high temperature period. At the beginning of composting, the pH of compost decreased greatly in the group added with nitrogen retaining agent, and then the pH of the heap treated with nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of the control. After composting, the organic carbon and total nitrogen content of each experimental group showed a downward trend as a whole. Compared with the original material, the organic carbon content of each group decreased by 62.76%, 56.66%, 47.37%, 44.45% and 54.87%, respectively. Among the nitrogen preserving agents, the organic carbon content of the treatment group with humic acid decreased the most and the reaction speed was the fastest. The total nitrogen content of each group was decreased by 36.65%, 27.16%, 17.36%, 17.55% and 12.63%, respectively. The total nitrogen content of adding nitrogen preserving agent was significantly higher than that of aerobic bacteria and control group. The total nitrogen content of humic acid group was the highest, and the total phosphorus content of each group increased by 58.45%, 52.91%, 38.40%, 32.95% and 34.86%, respectively. The total potassium content was 2.00 times, 1.88 times, 1.29 times, 1.26 times, 1.15 times of the original materials respectively. The results indicated that the addition of superphosphate, ferrous sulfate and humic acid in the composting process of Alternanthera philoxeroides could accelerate the start-up speed, shorten the composting time and reduce ammonia volatilization. In summary, humic acid treatment was the best among the three nitrogen preserving agents.
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Key words:
- Nitrogen preserving agent;
- Alternanthera philoxeroides;
- Compost
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图 1 空心莲子草堆肥过程中不同处理pH的变化
注:CK:空心莲子草;A:空心莲子草+好氧菌处理;B:空心莲子草+好氧菌+过磷酸钙;C:空心莲子草+好氧菌+硫酸亚铁处理;D:空心莲子草+好氧菌+腐殖酸。下同。
Fig. 1 Changes of pH in different treatments of Alternanthera philoxeroides during composting
Note: CK: A. philoxeroides; A: A. philoxeroides+aerobic bacteria treatment; B: A. philoxeroides+aerobic bacteria+calcium superphosphate; C. A. philoxeroides+aerobic bacteria+ferrous sulfate treatment; D: A. philoxeroides+aerobic bacteria+humic acid. The same below.
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