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火是地球上一种常见的现象,在地球生命演化进程中扮演着非常重要的角色,塑造着万物生灵[1-3],在生态系统的演替过程中发挥着重要的作用[4],是生物多样性产生的关键驱动力[5-8]。同时,火也是一种剧烈的环境干扰因素,对生态系统的影响十分显著,尤其是在全球变暖和人类活动加剧的当下,火灾发生的强度和频率将进一步增加[9, 10],火对地球生态系统的影响及火后生态恢复将成为21世纪生态学的重要研究内容之一[11]。
微生物是地球上出现最早的生命,栖息在几乎所有人类可以想象的环境中。土壤中蕴藏着地球上最多样化的微生物资源,是地球关键元素循环的引擎,联系着大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈的物质和能量交流,并对土壤结构的形成与维护以及植物健康生长均起着重要作用[12, 13]。同时,土壤微生物还在植被恢复、生境重建和土壤的稳定性等方面发挥着非常重要而独特的作用[14, 15]。可见,土壤微生物是生态系统的关键组成部分,它的扰动和恢复过程都会直接影响到地表植被和其他生态过程[16-18]。近年来,随着分子生物技术和分析方法的迅猛发展[19],生态学中长期被忽视的土壤微生物逐渐得到重视,其在生态系统恢复中的重要性也逐渐得到认可[20, 21]。因此,本文基于相关研究文献,分析火干扰下的土壤微生物研究现状,探求未来火干扰下森林土壤微生物研究需要关注的方向,以此助力二十一世纪的火生态学研究及生态系统修复实践。
Research Status on Forest Soil Microbes under Fire Disturbance
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摘要: 火后生态恢复是21世纪恢复生态学的重要研究内容,土壤微生物作为森林生态系统的关键组成部分,开展火干扰下土壤微生物的研究是非常有必要的。本文通过综合分析现有文献对火后森林土壤微生物的研究结果,发现不同火强度和维持时间下土壤微生物活性、群落组成变化及影响火干扰强度的主要因素是已有研究的主要内容,在火后土壤微生物群落的恢复时间、多样性变化、演替规律等问题上尚存在争论,对火干扰下的土壤微生物研究的重要性也尚未得到足够重视。未来研究应在综合应用现有微生物研究技术并继续改进创新的基础上,采用野外调查和田间模拟控制实验相结合的手段,分别从种群、群落和生态系统等多个层次上开展火干扰下的森林土壤微生物研究,解析地下与地上生态系统的相互关系,探究土壤微生物在火干扰下的变化规律和演替机制,丰富火生态学理论;确定火后土壤微生物恢复中的功能类群,分析功能类群在火后恢复过程中的作用,比较分析不同恢复方式下土壤微生物的变化规律,以指导火后生态系统的恢复实践。Abstract: Ecological restoration after fire disturbance is an important research theme of restoration ecology in the 21st century. As an integral component of forest ecosystems, it is necessary to study soil microbes after fire disturbance. Based on the comprehensive analysis of existing literature on forest soil microbes after fire, the results show that soil microbial activity, community composition changes and main factors affecting fire interference intensity under different fire intensities and maintenance times are the main study topics of existing research. However, there are still controversies on the recovery time, diversity changes, and succession laws of soil microbial communities after fire, and the importance of soil microbial research under fire disturbance has not been paid enough attention. According to comprehensive application of existing microbial research technologies and continuous improvement and innovation, future research should adopt the combination of field surveys and field simulation control experiments to carry out forest soil microbial research under fire disturbance at multiple levels such as populations, communities, and ecosystems. In order to enrich the theory of fire ecology and guide the recovery practice of the ecosystem after fire, research should focus on the study of the relationship between underground and aboveground ecosystems, analyze the changing laws and succession mechanisms of soil microorganisms, determine the functional groups in soil microbial restoration after fire and the role of functional groups in the process of post-fire restoration, compare the changing laws of soil microbes under different fire disturbance and restoration methods.
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