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泡泡树[Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal]为番荔枝科(Annonaceae)泡泡属(Asimina)植物,染色体数为16条(核型公式:2n = 2x = 16 = 14 sm (2 SAT) + 2 st)[1]。泡泡树是一种生长于北美洲的多年生落叶乔木,在北纬30°~45°范围内均有分布,是唯一适合温带地区种植的番荔枝科树种。泡泡树原产美国印第安纳州中部温带森林,在美国南部25个州均有分布,范围大致从佛罗里达州北部往北到加拿大安大略湖,向西至内布拉斯加州东部[2]。
泡泡树为落叶阔叶小乔木,分布于高大乔木林下的次林层和灌木层中,常沿河流和小溪生长,喜排水良好、土层深厚肥沃的冲积河床地,对土壤要求不严,略喜微酸性土壤(最适pH 5.5~7)[3-5]。泡泡树树干笔直,树高约5~10 m;树冠呈塔型,冠幅约3.7~6.1 m;树叶呈倒卵圆形,披垂生长,叶色深绿,在秋季叶片呈金黄色,观赏价值较高,是公园和庭院绿化的优良树种[6]。泡泡树雌雄同花,成熟花朵由内、外两层栗色三裂轮生花瓣组成,并包含3片萼片。通常其雌蕊较雄蕊先成熟,且自花授粉高度不育,需异花授粉结实[7]。在自然条件下,主要依靠虫媒传粉,这导致野生泡泡树的自然传粉率偏低,产量较低;而在栽培条件下,通过人工授粉能很好解决这个问题,可显著提高其产量。
泡泡树果实为椭圆形或圆柱形浆果,类似芒果。果长3~15 cm、宽3~10 cm,单果重约200~400 g,最大可达1 kg。果实单生或成簇丛生,类似香蕉。果实成熟后,果肉变软并散发一种混合了香蕉、芒果、菠萝的芳香气味,香气浓郁宜人。同时,果皮颜色由绿变黄并最终变为黑褐色,果皮不可食用;而果肉则由乳白色变为亮黄色再到浅橙色[8]。果实内有2排黑褐色的扁平豆型种子(约10~14粒),长约1.3~3.8 cm。泡泡树种植5年后便可开花结果,通常在5—6月开花,花期6周,在8月中旬至10月成熟,收获期长达数周[9]。果实在室温下可保存3~5 d,而在冷藏条件(0~5 ℃)下可保存25 d以上[8]。泡泡果实营养丰富并兼具一定美容功效,可直接鲜食,亦可提取香料制作果冻和冰淇淋等食品[4]。此外,由于泡泡树幼枝、树叶和树干中均能提取到一种广泛存在于番荔枝科植物中的天然化合物番荔枝内酯,其为一种长链脂肪酸衍生物,结构中通常有一个末端α, β-不饱和γ-内酯环及1~2个4氢呋喃环,具有抗癌、杀虫、杀菌的生物学活性,也是一种良好的植物源杀虫剂[10-12]。
在我国,泡泡树没有自然分布。为丰富我国经济林树种类别和增加果树种类,2002年国内科研单位首次从美国路易斯安那州立大学引进该树种,并于2007年通过国家林业局“948”项目管理办公室专家组的验收[13]。目前,泡泡树的引种栽培已初步获得成功,但仍存在一些技术瓶颈问题,严重制约了其大规模推广应用。因此,本文将整理目前泡泡树在引种栽培、营养成分、繁殖技术、种植技术、遗传多样性等方面的研究现状,分析泡泡树研究中存在的问题并讨论对策,以期为泡泡树的后续研究及推广种植提供一定参考。
Research Progress of Introduced Pawpaw Tree from North America
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摘要: 泡泡树是一种原产于北美洲的乔木果树,其果实味美,营养丰富,富含多种矿质元素、维生素和氨基酸,具有较高的开发利用价值。目前,国内的一些科研单位已对泡泡树进行了引种栽培试验,并获得了成功。同时,对泡泡树的营养成分、繁殖技术、种植技术、遗传多样性等方面进行了研究,并取得一定进展。本文将对泡泡树研究现状进行整理,分析当前泡泡树研究中存在的问题,并提出相应对策,以期为泡泡树的后续研究及推广应用提供一定参考。Abstract: Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] tree is a kind of fruit tree originated in North America. Its fruit is delicious, nutritious, rich in various mineral elements, vitamins and amino acids, and has high development and utilization value. At present, some domestic scientific research institutions have carried out the introduction and cultivation experiment, and have obtained success. Meanwhile, the nutrition component, propagation techniques, planting techniques, genetic diversity and other aspects of pawpaw trees were studied, and some progress was made. In this paper, the current research situation of introduced pawpaw trees was sorted out, the existing problems in the current research were analyzed, and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward, in order to provide some reference for the subsequent research and popularization of pawpaw trees.
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