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四川省预计现有竹林面积近120万hm2[1],竹产业发展条件得天独厚,已成为国民经济的重要组成部分。针对低质低效林偏多、竹林空间利用不足、单作竹子产值有限等问题,竹下种养殖已成为当前的重点手段之一。
食用菌富含多糖、多酚、矿质元素等,食药两用,养生功能多样,加上单位面积产量高、效益好[2,3],逐渐发展为四川省竹下经济的常见配置组分,对于广大竹农脱贫致富和竹产业提质增效产生了重要意义,发展前景广阔。有研究表明,毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林下种植秀珍菇(Pleurotus geesteranus)、姬菇(Pleurotus cornucopiae)等,效益可达8.5~16万元·hm−2,是单作毛竹的14~26倍[4];麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)林地套种竹荪(Dictyophora indusiata),正常情况下收入亦超万元·667m−2[5]。竹林套种食用菌能够获得非常可观的经济效益几乎已成业界共识,但该模式带来的生态效应仍缺乏系统研究,尽管不少学者指出其有利于农林废料循环利用、降低环境污染和减少化肥施用[6]。
本研究通过在不同地下茎类型(单轴散生、合轴丛生和复轴混生)的竹林下种植食用菌,对比分析了食用菌套作前后立竹生长、竹笋品质、土壤理化性质以及竹篼腐烂进程的变化,以期为竹-食用菌复合模式的生态效应评价及科学经营管理提供基础数据。
Effect of Short-term Bamboo-edible fungi Intercropping on the Ecology of Bamboo Stands
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摘要: 竹下套种食用菌多被报道具有可观的经济效益,但对竹林和土壤生态的影响如何缺乏研究和评估。在叙永县邬高林下种植产业园内不同类型(散生、丛生和混生竹)竹林下分别进行了食用菌(大球盖菇Stropharia rugosannulata和竹荪Dictyophora indusiata)套作,观测了套作前后竹林立竹胸径、竹笋品质以及土壤酸碱度、有机质、主要养分元素以及竹篼木质素、纤维素含量的变化。结果表明:食用菌套作能够促进竹株生长,有利于竹笋内游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白和维生素C的积累,总体上土壤pH值和速效钾含量升高,铵态氮含量降低或变化不明显,硝态氮含量升高(铵态氮/硝态氮比值降低),有效磷含量仅在丛生竹林内显著降低,而全量养分和有机质含量几乎无显著变化。种植食用菌(竹荪)后,竹篼内木质素和纤维素降解稍快。本研究可为竹-菌复合模式的生态效应评价及科学经营管理提供基础数据。Abstract: Bamboo-edible fungi intercropping has been widely reported to have significant economic benefits, but its effect on the ecology of bamboo forest and soil ecology is lack of research and evaluation. The edible fungi (Stropharia rugosannulata and Dictyophora indusiata) were intercropped under different types of bamboo forests (scattered, clustered and mixed bamboos) in the planting industrial park of Wugao Forest in Xuyong county. The changes of diameter at breast height, bamboo shoot quality, soil pH, soil organic matter, main nutrients, lignin and cellulose content of bamboo strips were determined and compared before and after intercropping. The results showed that the intercropping of edible fungi could promote bamboo growth, and facilitate the accumulation of free amino acids, soluble proteins and vitamin C in bamboo shoots. After intercropping, soil pH value and the available K content both increased, while the ammonium nitrogen content showed negligible variation or decreased to some extent. Meanwhile the nitrate nitrogen content increased, and the ratio of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen decreased. The available P content only decreased significantly in the clustered bamboo forest, while the total N, P, K and organic matter content had almost no significant change. After planting the edible fungi (Dictyophora indusiata), lignin and cellulose in bamboo stump degraded slightly faster. The present study can provide basic data for the evaluation of ecological effects and scientific management of bamoo-edible fungi intercropping model.
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Key words:
- Edible fungi;
- Bamboo growth;
- Soil ecology;
- Stump decomposition
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图 1 竹林套种食用菌对立竹胸径的影响
注:D0,本底调查得到的立竹胸径,D1,套作后老竹胸径,D2,套作后新竹胸径;*表示与新竹胸径的差异达到显著水平,ns表示无显著差异,下同。
Fig. 1 Effect of intercropping edible fungi in bamboo forest on DBH of bamboos
Notes: D represents the diameter of bamboos at 1.3 meters above the ground. D0 represents the DBH of bamboos in the background investigation before intercropping. D1 represents the DBH of old bamboos after intercropping. D2 represents the DBH of new-born bamboos after intercropping. Asterisk means significant difference among the treatment, and ns means non-significant difference. The same as below.
图 6 毛竹伐篼内栽培竹荪后木质素和纤维素含量的变化
注:ND=自然腐解(正偏差),EFPD=食用菌栽培促腐(负偏差,分解162d时的样品遭破坏而无数据);pRM、pT分别表示经重复测量方差分析和配对T检验所得差异显著性。
Fig. 6 Changes of lignin and cellulose content during bamboo stump decomposition after intercropping with edible fungi in bamboo forests
Notes: ND=natural decomposition with positive error bar, EFPD=edible fungi promoting decomposition with negative error bar (no data was shown at 162 d because the samples were destroyed); pRM and pT represent the significant difference obtained by repeated measurement variance analysis and paired T-test, respectively.
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