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全球37个现存野生猫科物种中,已有36个被列为稀有物种[1]。中国分布着13种猫科动物,是世界上猫科动物多样性最高的国家[2]。全球对于野生猫科的调查研究主要集中在豹亚科如老虎Panthera tigris和雪豹Panthera uncia等大型猫科动物,而中小型猫科动物如云豹Neofelis nebulosa、亚洲金猫Catopuma temminckii和云猫Pardofelis marmorata的关注度相对较少。中小型的猫亚科动物在森林系统扮演着控制小型哺乳类和鸟类数量的重要角色,但是对于它们分布和生态学的了解甚少,基线生态数据的欠缺,以致保护状况未明[3]。
亚洲金猫(以下简称金猫),学名Catopuma temminckii,异名Felis temminckii和Paradofelis temmickii。英文名 Asiatic Golden Cat, Golden Cat, Temminck’s Cat[4]。金猫在中国古语称为“彪”。中国对各地和对不同毛色的金猫有不同的俗称,如芝麻豹、乌云豹、红椿豹和黄虎等[5]。金猫为中小型猫科动物的代表性物种之一,体长75~100 cm,尾长35~60 cm,体重8~16 kg[2],是除云豹外中小型猫科中体型最大的[3]。全球对金猫的研究主要集中在东南亚和南亚地区的种群[3],而中国金猫种群的研究较少,主要作为大熊猫伴生动物的调查纳入其中[6, 7]。虽然缺乏可靠的金猫种群评估,但根据已有研究可推测出金猫的种群数量在持续下降中[4]。本研究综述了全球的金猫研究现状,分析了金猫种群的分布和数量变化趋势,并分析了金猫面临的威胁因素,为金猫保护、监测和研究提供建议。
本文基于1984至2019年间发表,以金猫为研究对象的生态学和保护生物学中英文文献,综述金猫的研究状况。
在谷歌学术搜索引擎中(Google)使用关键词“Asiatic Golden Cat”“Catopuma temminckii”。同时,在中国知网搜索引擎中(http://www.cnki.net),使用关键词“亚洲金猫”“金猫”(“Catopuma temminckii”“Asiatic Golden Cat”),来分别识别相关中英文引文。未囊括未发表论文和会议论文。本次共识别出了64篇从1984年至2019年发表的且明确关注亚洲金猫的文献。
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金猫在猫科系统发育位置的文献搜集到1篇文献。王金凤等[1]对猫科物种之间的系统发育关系从体型、毛皮斑纹模式的变化、骨骼和软组织等的形态学特征,染色体数的细胞学,白蛋白免疫距离、蛋白电泳、同工酶、化学信号的、线粒体基因、核基因的分子生物学方面进行概述,由于不同学者在选材, 研究方法, 依据理论和研究目的等方面各不相同, 其研究结果会有差异,也有达成一定共识的:37种猫科动物至少可以分成3个亚科(Subfamilies)或谱系(Lineages):家猫谱系、豹谱系和虎猫谱系,以及8个谱系:虎猫谱系、家猫谱系、豹谱系、美洲狮谱系、猞猁谱系、豹猫谱系、狞猫谱系和金猫谱系。其中亚洲金猫属于3谱系分类方法的豹谱系,以及8谱系分类方法的金猫谱系(见表1)。
表 1 现存猫科 37 个物种及分类系统
Table 1. 37 species of existing Felidae and taxonomic classification system of existing cats
3个谱系分类系统 物种中文名 拉丁名(普通名) 8个谱系分类系统 虎猫谱系(Ocelot lineage) 虎猫 Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot) 虎猫谱系(Ocelot lineage) 安第斯山猫 Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat) 长尾虎猫 Leopardus wiedii (Margay) 小斑虎猫 Leopardus tigrinus (Tigrina) 南美草原猫 Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat) 乔氏猫 Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s cat) 南美林猫 Leopardus guigna (Kodkod) 家猫谱系(Domestic cat lineage) 家猫 Felis catus (Domestic cat) 家猫谱系(Domestic cat lineage) 中国荒漠猫 Felis bieti (Chinese desert cat) 沙猫 Felis margarita (Sand cat) 黑足猫 Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat) 丛林猫 Felis chaus (Jungle cat) 野猫 Felis silvestris (European wild cat) 兔狲 Otocolobus manul (Pallas cat) 豹猫谱系(Leopard lineage) 豹谱系(Pantherine lineage) 锈斑豹猫 Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat) 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) 扁头豹猫 Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat) 渔猫 Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing Cat) 婆罗洲金猫 Pardofelis badia (Bornean bay cat) 金猫谱系(Bay ca lineage) 云猫 Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat) 亚洲金猫 Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat) 非洲金猫 Caracal aurata (African golden cat) 狞猫谱系(Caracal lineage) 狞猫 Caracal caracal (Caracal) 薮猫 Caracal serval (Serval) 短尾猫 Lynx rufus (Bobcat) 猞猁谱系(Lynx lineage) 加拿大猞猁 Lynx canadensis (Canadian lynx) 伊比利亚猞猁 Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx) 猞猁 Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx) 美洲狮 Puma concolor (Puma) 美洲狮谱系(Puma lineage) 猎豹 Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) 细腰猫 Herpailurus yaguarondi (Jaguarundi) 美洲豹 Panthera onca (Jaguar) 豹谱系(Panthera lineage) 豹 Panthera pardus (Leopard) 非洲狮 Panthera leo (Lion) 雪豹 Panthera uncia (Snow leopard) 虎 Panthera tigris (Tiger) 云豹 Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded leopard) -
金猫与其他同分布的猫科动物的日活动节律分离的文献收集有5篇,其中有金猫日活动节律与其他同分布猫科动物的重叠度分析(n=5),讨论了不丹JDNP的金猫与老虎、豹、云豹、豹猫和云豹的季节性活动范围、空间、栖息地类型和海拔分离(n=1),另外,在老河沟也有对金猫和豹猫进行食性的对比讨论(n=1)。
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很多学者通过对比不同猫科动物之间的日活动节律以及日活动节律重合度来讨论它们之间的日活动节律分化程度。同分布猫科动物日活动节律重合度(以下简称“重合度”)通过使用统计学方法的核密度估计Kernel Density Estimation(KDE)[17]或拟合三角函数(trigonometric sum)分布[52],分别计算同分布猫科动物的日活动节律,然后得出两个焦点物种之间的分布情况[17]。偏向使用重叠系数△,当△=1,显示出活动密度,而△=0,没有共同活动时期。
东南亚对金猫与其他猫科动物的活动节律重合度研究发现,金猫、老虎及豹的活动节律高度重叠[17, 50],可能会增加金猫被老虎和豹捕食的概率。由于在东南亚分布的金猫、云豹、豹猫和云猫栖息地类型相似,4个物种分布区常见于同一片区域[53],而其中与金猫体型相近的云豹,两者却只显示出小程度的日活动节律重叠,不显示明显的种间竞争,可能是云豹更长的身体比例,较金猫捕食的猎物要大;金猫与云猫的重叠度也低[17, 24],然而在印度分布的金猫与云猫显示出较高的重叠度[45]。但在中强度的人为活动干扰下,金猫、云豹和云猫活动节律的重叠度增加,而金猫与豹的重叠度则有所下降[17, 37, 50]。
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同时Thinley[34]提到在不丹的Jigme Dorji国家公园(JDNP),金猫与老虎、豹、豹猫分布于同一片栖息地,金猫在秋季活动范围是冬季的2倍,豹的活动范围也呈现类似的秋季大于冬季,而老虎相反,冬季的活动范围更广,还有豹猫在冬季和秋季的活动范围则无明显差异。
JDNP主要有7种栖息地类型,金猫、云豹、豹和云豹仅发现于阔叶林和混合针叶林中,老虎则主要栖息于混合针叶林。
JDNP研究区域的最高海拔4 105 m有老虎和豹猫的记录,而金猫、豹、云豹和云猫被记录于的该区域内的最高海拔为3 488~3 810 m。
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在对四川省老河沟自然保护区中的金猫与豹猫的食性分析文献中[54],提到金猫与豹猫食物组成中,主要的都是啮齿类和鼠兔类,但是前者的食物宽度比后者要广,且在金猫的食物组成比例中,体型较大的猎物也比豹猫的要大,有利于降低种间竞争。
可见,金猫与其他同分布的猫科动物之间,生态位分化程度呈现地域的差异。而在人为干扰下,金猫与云豹和云猫的种间竞争有待进一步研究。
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老虎、豹和金猫毛发的显微镜特征研究发现,金猫与老虎和豹的髓质指数差异大,金猫头、颈上、胸、腹、前肢等5个部位的毛髓质指数区间为50.0%~70.3%,老虎的毛髓质指数区间为22.5%~50.0%,豹的毛髓质指数区间为27.3%~49.3%,可以通过计算髓质指数将金猫和老虎及豹的毛发区别[55]。
有学者发现金猫和豹猫的针毛在傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)有区别,可以用于毛发无损的种间识别。两者针毛中部二阶导数谱均具有明显的种间差异,在648 cm−1和654 cm−1波数处金猫出现明显M形双峰吸收峰,而豹猫没有;金猫的二阶导数谱在709~763 cm−1范围内以峰强较大的单峰为主,豹猫则以峰强较小的M形双峰为主,这均能说明两种动物毛发的蛋白侧链的构成上则存在较大的差异,同时也存在种间的相似性[56]。
Research Progress and Threat Analysis on Asiatic Golden Cat (Catopuma temminckii Vigors and Horsfield)
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摘要: 亚洲金猫(Catopuma temminckii)是国家二级保护动物,被列为IUCN红色名录近危物种,CITES附录I,在森林生态系统中有着非常重要的生态价值。最为了解甚少的物种,目前已对亚洲金猫开展的研究有分布情况、种群状况、生境类型、食性、活动节律、色型和威胁等。金猫主要分布于中国华南、西南地区以及喜马拉雅南麓和东南亚各国,呈现出分布范围广,生境类型多样,有季节性迁徙特征的状态。亚洲金猫的野外种群数量一直没有一个可靠的评估。但根据已有研究数据可知,亚洲金猫的野外种群数量呈现下降趋势,同时人工繁育种群因繁殖成功率低也在萎缩。亚洲金猫还面临的威胁包括寄生虫与犬瘟热病毒,人类活动,以及保护力度小。通过对亚洲金猫研究资料的检索和分析,发现对于亚洲金猫的研究程度偏低,掌握资料不够全面,未来研究的空缺包括金猫的种群状况和变化趋势,空间和时间活动节律,不同色型的形成机制和分布规律,以及犬瘟热病毒对金猫野外种群的影响。因此,有必要加大对亚洲金猫野外种群的研究力度,并及时建立有效的保护措施,对亚洲金猫进行保护工作。Abstract: Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) is State Second-Class Protected Animal, is listed as a Near Threatened (NT) species in IUCN Red List, CITES Appendix I, and Asiatic golden cat has very important ecological value in forest ecosystem. Asiatic golden cat is a poorly understood species, and most researches are mainly focused on distribution, population, habitat, activity rhyme, coat color variation and threats. Asiatic golden cats are mainly distributed in South China, Southwest China, South foothills of Himalayas and Southeast Asian countries, showing a wide distribution, diverse habitat types and seasonal migration characteristics. There has not been a reliable evaluation of the wild population of Asiatic golden cats. However, according to the existing research data, the number of wild populations of Asiatic golden cats shows a downward trend, and the artificially breeding population is shrinking due to the low reproduction rate. Asiatic golden cats are also threatened by diseases of parasites and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), human activities throughout its range, and weak protection. According to the searching and analyzing the research data of Asiatic golden cat, the research level of Asiatic golden cat is low and the data are not comprehensive. Future research on Asiatic golden cat is recommended should focus on the following aspects: population status and trends, the rhythm of spatial and temporal activity, the formation mechanism and distribution of different color patterns, and the impact of CDV on the wild population. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify the research on the wild population of Asiatic golden cat and establish effective protection measures in time to protect Asiatic golden cat.
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Key words:
- Asiatic golden cat;
- Population;
- Distribution;
- Morphs;
- Threats;
- Conservation
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表 1 现存猫科 37 个物种及分类系统
Tab. 1 37 species of existing Felidae and taxonomic classification system of existing cats
3个谱系分类系统 物种中文名 拉丁名(普通名) 8个谱系分类系统 虎猫谱系(Ocelot lineage) 虎猫 Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot) 虎猫谱系(Ocelot lineage) 安第斯山猫 Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat) 长尾虎猫 Leopardus wiedii (Margay) 小斑虎猫 Leopardus tigrinus (Tigrina) 南美草原猫 Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat) 乔氏猫 Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s cat) 南美林猫 Leopardus guigna (Kodkod) 家猫谱系(Domestic cat lineage) 家猫 Felis catus (Domestic cat) 家猫谱系(Domestic cat lineage) 中国荒漠猫 Felis bieti (Chinese desert cat) 沙猫 Felis margarita (Sand cat) 黑足猫 Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat) 丛林猫 Felis chaus (Jungle cat) 野猫 Felis silvestris (European wild cat) 兔狲 Otocolobus manul (Pallas cat) 豹猫谱系(Leopard lineage) 豹谱系(Pantherine lineage) 锈斑豹猫 Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat) 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) 扁头豹猫 Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat) 渔猫 Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing Cat) 婆罗洲金猫 Pardofelis badia (Bornean bay cat) 金猫谱系(Bay ca lineage) 云猫 Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat) 亚洲金猫 Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat) 非洲金猫 Caracal aurata (African golden cat) 狞猫谱系(Caracal lineage) 狞猫 Caracal caracal (Caracal) 薮猫 Caracal serval (Serval) 短尾猫 Lynx rufus (Bobcat) 猞猁谱系(Lynx lineage) 加拿大猞猁 Lynx canadensis (Canadian lynx) 伊比利亚猞猁 Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx) 猞猁 Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx) 美洲狮 Puma concolor (Puma) 美洲狮谱系(Puma lineage) 猎豹 Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) 细腰猫 Herpailurus yaguarondi (Jaguarundi) 美洲豹 Panthera onca (Jaguar) 豹谱系(Panthera lineage) 豹 Panthera pardus (Leopard) 非洲狮 Panthera leo (Lion) 雪豹 Panthera uncia (Snow leopard) 虎 Panthera tigris (Tiger) 云豹 Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded leopard) -
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