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对生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究可以追溯到2个世纪以前。近年来,随着全球性的物种灭绝速度的加快,生态系统中物种的减少会对生态系统造成什么影响成为备受关注的一个问题,生物多样性 (物种多样性)与生态系统功能的关系则成为当前生态学领域内的一个重大科学问题。由于人类活动的加强,全球环境的急剧改变,关于生物多样性与生态系统功能关系已成为生态学与环境科学领域的重要研究热点,有助于保护生物多样性,维持生态系统的健康和功能。然而虽然针对它们关系的研究一直持续不断,但目前仍然没有统一的定论,在许多问题上还存在争论[1]。
生物多样性是生物及其环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的综合,包括所有植物、动物、微生物物种以及所有的生态系统及其形成的生态过程[2]。在BEF(biodiversity and ecosystem functioning)研究中,生物多样性这一术语包含了生物尺度上一个更为广泛的范围,从种内遗传变异到生物群落在地球上的分布[3],生物多样性可以被描述为实体的数量(基因型、物种和生态系统),分布的均一性,功能特性的差异,以及它们之间的相互作用。
生态系统功能是一个广义的概念,它包含各种各样的现象,包括生态系统特性,生态系统产物和生态系统服务[4]。生态系统特性既包括构成物的尺度(如碳储存量和有机物储存量的大小),也包括过程的速率(如组成部分之间的物质和能量流动)。生态系统产物是具有直接市场价值的生态系统性能。包括食品、建材、医药、用于家养植物和动物育种的野生种,用于生物技术中生产基因产品的基因等。生态系统服务是生态系统直接或间接地造福人类的生态系统性能,如保持水文循环,调节气候,净化空气和水,维持大气成分,授粉,土壤生成以及养分循环等。
人类活动引起的全球变化已经对生物多样性产生极大影响,包括物种的物候、行为、分布和丰富度、种群大小和种间关系等都已经发生了不同程度改变,甚至引起个别物种的灭绝,进而影响生态系统结构和功能[5];人类对生态系统的主宰能力的不断增强正逐步使各类生态系统变成物种数量贫乏的退化系统,因为这些生态系统决定了调节地球系统的生物地化过程[6]。生物多样性在数量及空间分布上发生的急剧变化,引起了人们对生物多样性减少会造成的生态后果的警觉。如何有效保护生物多样性、维持生态系统结构与功能的稳定已成为国际社会普遍关注的重大问题。本文将近年来该领域的主要研究成果做一简要归纳,对生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的理论发展及其各阶段的研究方法进行综述,以期生态学者更深入的研究,能够早日有所突破。
Research Review on Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions
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摘要: 生物多样性是生物及其环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的综合,生态系统包括生态系统特性,生态系统产物和生态系统服务,生物多样性的变化影响生态系统功能。生物多样性的空前丧失促使人们对生物多样性与生态系统功能关系展开了大量的研究。本文综述了研究开展以来生物多样性与生态系统功能的理论形成与发展及其各阶段的研究方法。Abstract: Biodiversity is an ecological complex formed by organisms and their environment, and a synthesis of various ecological processes related to biodiversity. Ecosystems include ecosystem characteristics, ecosystem products and ecosystem services. Changes in biodiversity affect ecosystem functions. The unprecedented loss of biodiversity has led to a lot of researches on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This paper summarized the theoretical formation and development of biodiversity and ecosystem functions since the beginning of the study, and the research methods at various stages.
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Key words:
- Biodiversity;
- Ecosystem functioning;
- Species;
- Community;
- Forest ecosystem
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