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HE F, XU G, WANG X, et al. Habitat selection characteristics of wild boar in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2023, 44(2): 13−20 doi: 10.12172/202206140001
Citation: HE F, XU G, WANG X, et al. Habitat selection characteristics of wild boar in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2023, 44(2): 13−20 doi: 10.12172/202206140001

Habitat Selection Characteristics of Wild Boars in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province


doi: 10.12172/202206140001
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  • Corresponding author: 241330589@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2022-06-14
    Available Online: 2023-02-04
  • Publish Date: 2023-04-25
  • The Eurasian wild boar is a well-known scientific name of wild boar, and its environmental adaptability is extremely strong, ranging from temperate zone to tropical zone, from semi-arid climate to tropical rain forest. In recent years, due to the continuous expansion of wild boars in Sichuan province, which has gradually affected the ecological balance and human activities. Coupled with the severe situation of prevention and control of the epidemic of African Swine Fever (ASF), relevant departments and scholars pay more and more attention to the wild boars. In order to find out the distribution and activities of wild boars in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve, and provide support for the prevention of ASF and the regulation of wild boars population, the habitat suitability and selection characteristics of wild boars in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve were analyzed and evaluated by means of Line Transect Method. The results showed that the MaxEnt model performed well (the average AUC = 0.918) and could be used for habitat evaluation. The suitable and sub-suitable habitat area was 81.76 km2, accounting for 18.42% of the whole nature reserve, and the unsuitable and less-suitable habitat area accounted for 57.57% and 24.00% respectively. The elevation and soil type were both important environmental variables. Most of the wild boar trails in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve appeared in the dark-brown earth area, and the main activity zones were concentrated between 1500 m and 2500 m, accounting for 74.20% of the total activity trails. The main reason is that wild boars preferred to active in areas with abundant food sources. In addition, the environmental variables such as climate, geography, biology, human disturbance and other environmental variables in this study were also important factors affecting the food distribution of wild boars.bundant food sources. In addition, the environmental variables such as climate, geography, biology, human disturbance and other environmental variables in this study were also important factors affecting the food distribution of wild boars.
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Habitat Selection Characteristics of Wild Boars in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province

doi: 10.12172/202206140001
  • 1. Sichuan Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve Management Office, Mianyang 622760, China
  • 2. Sichuang Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
  • 3. Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Investigation and Planning Institute, Chengdu 610084, China
  • Corresponding author: 241330589@qq.com

Abstract: The Eurasian wild boar is a well-known scientific name of wild boar, and its environmental adaptability is extremely strong, ranging from temperate zone to tropical zone, from semi-arid climate to tropical rain forest. In recent years, due to the continuous expansion of wild boars in Sichuan province, which has gradually affected the ecological balance and human activities. Coupled with the severe situation of prevention and control of the epidemic of African Swine Fever (ASF), relevant departments and scholars pay more and more attention to the wild boars. In order to find out the distribution and activities of wild boars in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve, and provide support for the prevention of ASF and the regulation of wild boars population, the habitat suitability and selection characteristics of wild boars in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve were analyzed and evaluated by means of Line Transect Method. The results showed that the MaxEnt model performed well (the average AUC = 0.918) and could be used for habitat evaluation. The suitable and sub-suitable habitat area was 81.76 km2, accounting for 18.42% of the whole nature reserve, and the unsuitable and less-suitable habitat area accounted for 57.57% and 24.00% respectively. The elevation and soil type were both important environmental variables. Most of the wild boar trails in Xiaozhaizigou Nature Reserve appeared in the dark-brown earth area, and the main activity zones were concentrated between 1500 m and 2500 m, accounting for 74.20% of the total activity trails. The main reason is that wild boars preferred to active in areas with abundant food sources. In addition, the environmental variables such as climate, geography, biology, human disturbance and other environmental variables in this study were also important factors affecting the food distribution of wild boars.bundant food sources. In addition, the environmental variables such as climate, geography, biology, human disturbance and other environmental variables in this study were also important factors affecting the food distribution of wild boars.

  • 野猪(Sus scrofa)不属于中国国家重点保护野生动物名录物种[1],但该物种已被列入中国国家林业局2000年8月1日发布的《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》,在世界自然保护联盟红色名录中被列为:无危(LC)。野猪栖息于山地、丘陵、荒漠、森林、草地和林丛间,环境适应性极强。野猪栖息环境跨越温带与热带,从半干旱气候至热带雨林、温带林地、草原等都有其踪迹,但是没有在极干旱、海拔极高与极寒冷的地区出没。野猪繁殖能力较强,雌性野猪年产2胎,一般每胎6~8只,最多能达到14只[2]。近年来,由于野生动物保护得以加强,以及退耕还林、天保工程、林缘弃耕地复垦等其他因素造成的野猪适宜栖息地的增加,使得野猪渐渐增多。但虎、狼、豹等野生大型食肉动物数量增加相对缓慢,不能有效控制野猪种群数量。且由于食物和水源充足,加上几乎无人狩猎,野猪数量增长颇快,逐渐将活动范围扩展到了人类生活的环境,不少村庄每年都发生野猪毁田伤人事件[3-4]

    近期,非洲猪瘟(ASF)肆虐我国,其为一种急性、出血性、烈性传染病,可感染家猪和各种野猪,发病过程短,感染死亡率高达100%[5][6],目前已发现了两起野猪感染非洲猪瘟的情况[7],我省尚未发现有野猪感染的情况,但相关防控压力巨大。摸清该区域野猪分布、活动情况,为野猪管理和疫情防控提供技术支撑。

    • 四川小寨子沟国家级自然保护区位于横断山脉东坡,四川盆地西北缘,四川省绵阳市北川羌族自治县境内,地理坐标为东经103°45′至104°05′,北纬31°50′至32°10′,面积为443.85 km2。保护区西属岷山山脉,东属龙门山脉。岷山山脉区域为四川盆地向青藏高原过渡的峡谷地带,地势由西北向东南倾斜;龙门山脉区域地势由东北向西南呈梳状倾斜。境内大部分为海拔2 500~4 000 m的中山和4000 m以上的高山。最低处花桥村,海拔1 160 m,最高峰为插旗山,海拔4 769 m,相对高差为3609 m。保护区年平均气温7.2~11.2℃,≥10℃积温达4 500℃,最高气温25℃左右,最低气温−15℃,霜期从10月到整年4月。属北亚热带湿润季风气候,气候温和,雨量丰沛,垂直气候带谱明显。保护区内有阔叶林、针叶林、灌丛和草甸和高山稀疏植被5个植被型组。植物种类丰富,植被类型多样,有多种国家重点保护野生植物,包括红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis)、巴山榧树(Torreya fargesii)、西康玉兰(Magnolia wilsonii)、油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum)、桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)、水青树(Tetracentron sinense)、连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)、光叶珙桐(Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana)、红花绿绒蒿(Meconopsis punicea)等。同时其特殊的地理位置、复杂多样的生态环境,致使脊椎动物的组成具有多样性高、特有珍稀种较多,有大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、云豹(Neofelis nebulosa)、扭角羚(Budorcas tibetanus)、金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)、绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)等国家I级重点保护动物,鸟类7种、兽类8种 [8-10]

    2.   研究方法
    • 为了准确的弄清保护区内的野猪种群状况,通过访问调查、相关文献资料查询以及保护区提供的相关信息,了解保护区野猪历史分布情况,结合保护区巡护监测工作,按照1 km × 1 km的公里网格设置样线,在2019年11月和2020年5—7月共开展了2次野外调查,调查样线122条,累计长度636 km。详细记录野猪及其他伴生动物在保护区内的分布和生境情况等信息。

    • 气象数据变量来源于世界气候数据网站(http://www.worldclim.org),通过对目标区域的相关性分析,在19个气象数据变量中排除相关性大于0.8的变量,最终选定最干月降水、最湿月降水、年平均气温、年降水量、日温差5个气象数据变量;地形数据(DEM)来源于91卫图助手(http://www.91weitu.com/),并使用ARCGIS 10.8软件执行空间分析,获得坡度数据;海拔、优势树种、土壤类型、地貌类型等影响因子来源于“林地一张图2020”。以上数据均通过ARCGIS 10.8软件进行重采样,统一为30 m ×30 m的空间精度,同时将投影坐标系统一为UTM WGS1984。

    • 使用MaxEnt 3.4.4[11]软件执行最大熵模型,模型选择刀切法(Jackknife Test)测定各变量权重,选择创建环境变量响应曲线,选取随机种子,随机选取75%的野猪痕迹点作为训练集(Training Data)建立预测模型,剩余25%的野猪痕迹点作为测试集(Test Data)验证模型,其余参数均选择模型的默认值,并设置模型重复运算10次取平均值。以受试者工作特征曲线下面积(Area under the Receiving Operator Curve,AUC)评价模型优劣[12][13],采用刀切法检验变量重要性。ROC评价标准为:AUC值0.5~0.6,失败;0.6~0.7,较差;0.7~0.8,一般;0.8~0.9,良好;0.9~0.1,优秀[14]。模型最终将研究区域每个栅格进行适宜性赋值(0.00~1.00),按照不适宜(0.00~0.25)、次适宜(0.25~0.50)、较适宜(0.50~0.75)、适宜(0.75~1.00)将小寨子沟保护区野猪栖息地的适宜性分为4级[15]

    3.   研究结果
    • 野外调查共发现483处野生动物痕迹(实体),共计20种野生动物(见表1)。

      动物种类
      Species
      痕迹(实体)数量
      Trail (Individual)
      Amount
      所占比例/%
      Percentage
      野猪Sus scrofa155(2)32.09
      斑羚Naemorhedus goral110(5)22.77
      大熊猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca40(0)8.28
      黑熊 Ursus thibetanus40(0)8.28
      豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis31(0)6.42
      扭角羚 Budorcas tibetanus 23(0)4.76
      豪猪 Hystrix hodgsoni 19(0)3.94
      川金丝猴 Rhinopithecus roxellana 12(2)2.49
      猪獾 Arctonyx collaris11(1)2.28
      苏门羚 Capricornis sumatraensis10(0)2.07
      红腹角雉 Tragopan temminckii9(8)1.86
      小麂 Muntiacus reevesi7(1)1.45
      林麝 Moschus berezovskii5(0)1.04
      雉鸡 Phasianus colchicus3(3)0.62
      绿尾虹雉 Lophophorus lhuysii3(1)0.62
      果子狸 Paguma larvata2(0)0.41
      红腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus2(1)0.41
      毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus1(0)0.21
      合计 Total483(24)100.00

      Table 1.  Statistical results of species and quantity of wild animal traces (individual)tity of wild animal traces (individual)

    • 模型运行结果显示,平均AUC值为0.918,说明模型运行结果优秀,可以用于栖息地评价(见图1)。

      Figure 1.  Receiver operating characteristic curveeristic curve

      参与模型构建的10个环境变量中,贡献率最高的4个变量为土壤类型(37.8%)、最干月降水(17.0%)、海拔(12.0%)、优势树种(9.1%),累计贡献率达75.9%;重要值最高的4个变量为海拔(30.8%)、年平均气温(26.0%)、年降水量(14.7%)、土壤类型(13.2%),累计贡献率达84.7%(见表2)。在两种评价标准下,海拔和土壤类型都是重要的环境变量,小寨子沟保护区野猪活动痕迹在暗棕壤区域活动占比最高,主要活动海拔段集中在1500~2500 m之间,占活动痕迹总数的74.20%。

      变量
      Variables
      贡献率
      Contribution
      rate
      重要值
      Permutation
      importance
      土壤类型Soil Type37.813.2
      最干月降水 Driest Month Precipitation170.6
      海拔 Elevation1230.8
      优势树种 Dominant Plants9.13.1
      最湿月降水 Wettest Month Precipitation5.83
      年平均气温Annual Average Temperature5.426
      坡度 Slope4.91.4
      地貌类型 Geomorphic Type3.93.7
      年降水量 Annual Precipitation3.714.7
      日温差 Daily Temperature Difference0.43.6

      Table 2.  Variable contribution rate of wild boar suitable habitat modelble habitat model

    • 根据Maxent最大熵模型结果,较适宜和适宜栖息地面积为81.76km2,占保护区面积的18.42%,不适宜和次适宜的栖息地面积分别占57.57%和24.00%(见图2a)。

      Figure 2.  Climatic characteristics in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve( a. suitable habitat prediction of wild boar; b. annual average temperature; c. daily temperature difference; d. annual precipitation; e. wettest month precipitation; f. driest month precipitation)

    • 保护区野猪有80.64%的活动痕迹点在年平均气温6~11℃的区域(见图2b),有85.16%的活动痕迹点在日温差9.0~10.0℃的区域(见图2c),有72.26%的活动痕迹点在年降水量790~820 mm之间的区域(见图2d),有94.84%的活动痕迹点在最湿月降水量130~160 mm的区域(见图2e),有94.19%的活动痕迹点在最干月降水6~9 mm的区域(见图2f)。

    • 野猪最常活动在栎类、冷杉、高山柳、灌木树种、云杉、桦木下,占到总痕迹点的76.12%(见图3a),在温带湿润季风气候和针阔混交林下发育形成的暗棕壤区域野猪活动痕迹分布占74.20%(见图3b)。在针叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中的活动密度最高,超过其活动痕迹总数的93%,在常绿阔叶林、灌丛、草地和落叶针叶林中的活动密度最低,其活动痕迹总数仅为7%(见图3f)。

      Figure 3.  Biological and physical geographical factors in Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve (a. dominant plants; b. soil type; c. slope; d. elevation; e. geomorphic type; f. vegetation type))

    • 野猪在小寨子沟保护区主要活动范围集中在海拔段1 500~2 500 m之间,占活动痕迹总数的74.20%,3 000 m以上的高海拔段痕迹数量较少(见图3d)。主要在陡坡、斜坡活动,占活动痕迹总数的67.74%;其次为急坡、平缓坡,占活动痕迹总数的30.97%;险坡活动最少,仅占活动痕迹总数的1.29%。在中坡、谷地和平地活动频率最高,占活动痕迹总数的90.32%;上坡位、山脊活动频率最低,仅占活动痕迹总数的9.68%。且最常在半阴坡和阳坡活动,占活动痕迹总数的65.16%;阴坡和半阳坡活动频率相对较少,占活动痕迹总数的34.84%(见图3c)。所有活动痕迹点均分布在中高海拔大起伏山地和高海拔极大起伏山地两种地貌类型区域内(见图3e)。

    • 从野猪对不同起源林地的选择来看(见表3),在次生林中发现野猪活动的痕迹点最多,超过活动痕迹总数的75%。

      林地起源
      Forest origin
      活动痕迹点
      Trail amount
      比例/%
      Percentage
      次生林 Secondary11976.77
      原始林 Primary2314.84
      人工林 Planted85.16
      无林地Non-Forest53.23
      合计 Total155100.00

      Table 3.  Relationship between wild boar activity and forest origin

    4.   讨论
    • 保护区内不同海拔段有不同的植被类型,由于食物等原因,野猪对不同植被类型有强烈的选择性。在针叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中的活动密度最高,活动痕迹多为足迹与食迹,这是因为阔叶混交林中主要树种有野核桃、箭竹、栎类等,它们可为野猪提供丰富的食物;另外阔叶混交林内的草本植物也很丰富,苔草、黄精、蕨类等的根茎也是野猪的食物来源;且其隐蔽程度较高,这也可能是野猪选择的一个重要原因[16-17]。针阔混交林也是野猪活动程度较高的林型,野猪的活动痕迹多为红杉林、栎林或落叶松林。野猪可能喜欢松柏类的球果及混有松脂气味的食物,这也是野猪选择针阔混交林的原因之一。除此之外,从野猪对优势树种的选择也可以看出,食物来源是其选择活动区域的重要因素[18-20]。暗棕壤是发现野猪活动痕迹最多的土壤类型,是在温带湿润季风气候和针阔混交林下发育形成,这也与野猪喜好的植被类型有直接关系。

      野猪在次生林中活动的痕迹占到了75%以上,这同样与食物来源有关,野猪作为杂食性动物,高盖度、高密度的生境类型能为野猪提供更多的食物资源。保护区的次生林由于植物物种丰富度要高于原始林,这些植物能够为野猪提供更多的食物。本次调查中野猪更多的选择乔木密度高、高度小、草本植物和灌木盖度高的环境因子,都或多或少与隐蔽程度和食物丰富度有直接或间接的关系[21]。隐蔽程度高不仅有利于躲避天敌,而且也提高抗干扰程度,尤其是在繁殖季节,幼崽的捕食者较多,除大型食肉动物外还有一些小型食肉动物也可以捕食幼崽[22]

      保护区内绝大部分区域为中高海拔大起伏山地和高海拔极大起伏山地两种地貌类型,野猪在这两种地貌类型均有活动痕迹。在中高海拔大起伏山地的活动痕迹数量略高于高海拔极大起伏山地,差异不明显。但野猪对坡度、坡位、坡向的选择更具倾向性,对半阴、阳坡、斜陡坡、平缓坡、中下坡位使用频率较高,与以往研究结果类似[23]。一方面原因可能是急陡坡不利于野猪奔跑和行走;另一方面原因是下坡位的沟谷平地食物丰富,除了野核桃、栎类等坚果,草本植物的根茎也很丰富,并且沟谷平地多为隐蔽度高的阔叶杂木林[24-25]

      保护区年平均气温较高的区域,野猪食物来源相对丰富,也是野猪频繁活动的区域。野猪喜欢在年降水790~820 mm的区域活动,但整个保护区年降水量在790~850 mm之间,变化幅度不大,因此年降水量这一因子不一定真实反映野猪的活动规律,最干月降水、最湿月降水和日温差也存在相似的情况。

      由于天敌较少且繁殖效率高,野猪容易泛滥,对区域生态平衡造成破坏,进而影响其他野生动植物的生存[26][27]。现已有研究表明在野猪种群数量增长的区域,大熊猫的种群数量会受到影响而下降[28]。因此,保护区需要保持警惕,持续对野猪种群动态进行监测。如保护区条件允许,根据国家林业和草原局《关于进一步做好野猪危害防控的通知》要求,建议在海拔段较低的实验区采用诱捕等手段[29],将野猪密度控制在0.02头·hm−1以下。

      致谢:野外数据采集工作离不开小寨子沟保护区巡护员的积极配合,保护区内地势陡峭、条件恶劣,为相关工作的开展带来了极大挑战,为此感谢他们的辛勤付出。

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